Relation Between Breast-Feeding and Incidence Rates of Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus

Borch‐Johnsen, Knut; Mandrup-Poulsen, Thomas; Zachau-Christiansen, B; Joner, Geir; Christy, M.; Kastrup, K W; Nerup, Jørn

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(84)91517-4

Cited by 312 publications

(153 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…A high growth rate may be a stress factor for the Beta cell since it increases the demand for insulin production probably via an increase in peripheral insulin resistance induced by high levels of growth hormone [13]. A short duration of breastfeeding has repeatedly been shown to be associated with an increased risk of Type i diabetes [13][14][15]. The mechanism for this increased risk may be either a lack of immunological protection by the mother's milk or be dependent on the early introduction of cow's milk formula which may trigger a pathologicalimmune response.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Swedish childhood diabetes study ? a multivariate analysis of risk determinants for diabetes in different age groups

1991

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Summary.In a nationwide incident case-referent study stepwise univariate analysis has revealed several risk determinants for childhood diabetes mellitus. In a multivariate analysis we have determined the set of risk determinants that would independently predict childhood Type i (insulindependent) diabetes. Possible interactions between the risk determinants and differences in risk profiles with different ages at onset were also examined. Reported familial insulintreated and non-insulin-treated diabetes were significant risk factors in all age groups, as was also a low frequency of milk intake. The frequency of infections and a high intake of foods rich in nitrosamine tended to interact (OR 11.8,p = 0.053) indicating a synergistic effect. A Cox regression analysis revealed that stressful life events during the last year was the only variable that tended to affect the age at onset (p = 0.055). This indicated that psychological stress may rather precipitate than induce Type i diabetes. A short breast-feeding duration (OR = 3.81), and an increased body height (OR = 3.82) contributed significantly to the predictive model in only the youngest age group (0-4 years). An increased frequency of infections in the year preceding onset (OR = 2.15) and no vaccination against measles (OR = 3.33) contributed significantly to the model only in the age group 5-9 years. Various nutrients had different impacts on the risk of developing Type 1 diabetes in different age groups. It is concluded that in the genetically susceptible child, risk factors which are associated with eating habits, frequency of infections, vaccination status, growth pattern and severe psychological stress affect the risk of developing diabetes independently of each other. The set of risk determinants varies with the age at onset. A high frequency of infections and a high frequency of nitrosamine-rich food intake seem to have a synergistic effect on the risk of developing diabetes in childhood.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Swedish childhood diabetes study ? a multivariate analysis of risk determinants for diabetes in different age groups

1991

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“…Recently, a putative harmful effect of the early introduction of wheat, rye, oats or barley has been implicated by a German birth cohort study in offspring of parents affected by type 1 diabetes [3], whereas a protective effect of the introduction of these cereals and rice between the age of 4 and 6 months was reported in a Colorado birth cohort of infants at increased genetic risk of type 1 diabetes [2]. It is possible that breastfeeding protects from beta cell autoimmunity or progression to clinical diabetes [1,5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age at introduction of new foods and advanced beta cell autoimmunity in young children with HLA-conferred susceptibility to type 1 diabetes

et al. 2006

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“…relation between the duration of breastfeeding and the development of Type I diabetes was first reported in 1984 [7] and when a meta-analysis of 13 studies was carried out in 1994, short-term breastfeeding was associated with a 1.4-fold risk of Type I diabetes, while an early introduction of cows' milk resulted in a relative risk of 1.6 [8]. Risks of similar magnitude were observed 2 years later but the authors concluded that the relatively weak association between early exposure of cows' milk and the development of Type I diabetes might result from biases due to the methodological limitations of previous studies [9].…”

mentioning

confidence: 97%

Short-term exclusive breastfeeding predisposes young children with increased genetic risk of Type I diabetes to progressive beta-cell autoimmunity

et al. 2001

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Relation Between Breast-Feeding and Incidence Rates of Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus

Cited by 312 publications

References 6 publications

The Swedish childhood diabetes study ? a multivariate analysis of risk determinants for diabetes in different age groups

The Swedish childhood diabetes study ? a multivariate analysis of risk determinants for diabetes in different age groups

Age at introduction of new foods and advanced beta cell autoimmunity in young children with HLA-conferred susceptibility to type 1 diabetes

Short-term exclusive breastfeeding predisposes young children with increased genetic risk of Type I diabetes to progressive beta-cell autoimmunity

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