Relation between income inequality and mortality in Canada and in the United States: cross sectional assessment using census data and vital statistics

Ross, Nancy A.; Wolfson, Michael; Dunn, James R.; Berthelot, Jean‐Marie; Kaplan, George A.; Lynch, John

doi:10.1136/bmj.320.7239.898

Cited by 378 publications

(263 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…45,46 Our findings appear consistent with a previous study that compared the US and Canada. 47 While the extent of inequality was strongly related to health differences between US metropolitan areas, there was no association between income inequality and mortality across such areas in Canada.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Income inequality, the psychosocial environment, and health: comparisons of wealthy nations

et al. 2001

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Income inequality, the psychosocial environment, and health: comparisons of wealthy nations

et al. 2001

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“…12,18 The National Center for Health Statistics provided a data file consisting of data on deaths, population counts, the racial composition of neighborhoods, and household income for the years 1989-1991.…”

Section: Data Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Likewise, variation in the strength of predictors of SES differentials in health and sometimes in the direction of the relationship have been found to be related to how SES is defined, the outcome of interest, the age and gender of the cohorts, and the geographic regions under study. [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] While the presence of a relationship between SES and health has remained consistent over time, notable changes have taken place in risk profiles and causes of morbidity and mortality across social strata. Given this complexity, SES should be measured at various levels and along several dimensions.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship between premature mortality and socioeconomic factors in black and white populations of US metropolitan areas

Cooper¹,

Kennelly²,

Durazo‐Arvizu³

et al. 2001

Public Health Reports

100

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SYNOPSISObjective. This ecologic study examined the association of mortality with selected socioeconomic indicators of inequality and segregation among blacks and whites younger than age 65 in 267 US metropolitan areas. The primary aim of the analysis was to operationalize the concept of institutional racism in public health.Methods. Socioeconomic indicators were drawn from Census and vital statistics data for 1989-1991 and included median household income; two measures of income inequality; percentage of the population that was black; and a measure of residential segregation.Results. Age-adjusted premature mortality was 81% higher in blacks than in whites, and median household income was 40% lower. Income inequality, as measured by the Gini coefficient, was greater within the black population (0.45) than within the white population (0.40; p < 0.001). To confirm that the proxy socioeconomic variables were relevant markers of population health status, regression analysis was performed initially on data for the total population. These variables were all independently and significantly related to premature mortality (p Յ 0.01; R 2 = 0.74). Income inequality for the total population was significantly correlated with premature mortality (r = 0.33). Black (r = 0.26) and white (r = 0.20) population-specific correlations between income inequality and premature mortality, while still significant, were smaller. Residential segregation was significantly related to premature mortality and income inequality for blacks (r = 0.38 for both); among whites, however, segregation was modestly correlated with premature mortality (r = 0.19) and uncorrelated with income inequality. Regional analyses demonstrated that the association of segregation with premature mortality was much more pronounced in the South and in areas with larger black populations.Conclusion. Social factors such as income inequality and segregation strongly influence premature mortality in the US. Ecologic studies of the relationships among social factors and population health can measure attributes of the social context that may be relevant for population health, providing the basis for imputing macro-level relationships.

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“…9,10,11,12,13 This study, rather than focusing on such stratifications within one country, examines variations in population oral health between countries and their relationship to national SES variables, to the extent that available data permit. There have been relatively few international studies of this kind.…”

Section: N B R I E Fmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oral diseases and socio-economic status (SES)

et al. 2003

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Relation between income inequality and mortality in Canada and in the United States: cross sectional assessment using census data and vital statistics

Cited by 378 publications

References 24 publications

Income inequality, the psychosocial environment, and health: comparisons of wealthy nations

Income inequality, the psychosocial environment, and health: comparisons of wealthy nations

Relationship between premature mortality and socioeconomic factors in black and white populations of US metropolitan areas

Oral diseases and socio-economic status (SES)

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