Relation of cognitive appraisal to cardiovascular reactivity, affect, and task engagement

Maier, Karl J.; Waldstein, Shari R.; Synowski, Stephen J.

doi:10.1207/s15324796abm2601_05

Cited by 95 publications

(82 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…As illustrated in Table 2, 47% (28/60) of HPV16-negative patients were positive "responders" to E6 compared to only 14% (2/14) of HPV16-positive patients, χ 2 (1) = 4.94, p < .03. This association was also observed for E7 [44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57] and L1 382-396 peptides, both χ 2 (1)s > 5.40, ps < .03.…”

Section: T-cell Response To Hpv-16 Peptides In Relation To Participansupporting

confidence: 58%

“…Finally, it has been argued that the assessment of life events is often not as strongly related to health outcomes as one would expect because how an individual appraises and copes with each event is likely to lead to varying outcomes (52,53). Studies have demonstrated that the cognitive appraisal of a stressor affects the subsequent physiological responses to that stressor (54), suggesting the relative importance of one's appraisal of a stressful event over the objective occurrence of that event in determining health outcomes. For example, high levels of stressful life events predicted respiratory illness, but only among those individuals who exhibited high physiological reactivity to a laboratory stressor (i.e.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Perceived Stress is Associated with Impaired T-Cell Response to HPV16 in Women with Cervical Dysplasia

Fang¹,

Miller²,

Bovbjerg³

et al. 2008

ann. behav. med.

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Background-Infection with high-risk subtypes of human papillomavirus (HPV) is a central factor in the development of cervical neoplasia. Cell-mediated immunity against HPV16 plays an important role in the resolution of HPV infection and in controlling cervical disease progression. Research suggests that stress is associated with cervical disease progression, but few studies have examined the biological mechanisms that may be driving this association.

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Section: T-cell Response To Hpv-16 Peptides In Relation To Participansupporting

confidence: 58%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perceived Stress is Associated with Impaired T-Cell Response to HPV16 in Women with Cervical Dysplasia

Fang¹,

Miller²,

Bovbjerg³

et al. 2008

ann. behav. med.

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Section: Mechanisms Of Stress Effects On the Immune Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Finally, it is possible that emotion will prove to be relatively unimportant and that other mental processes such as motivational states or cognitive appraisals will prove to be the critical psychological mechanisms linking stress and the immune system (cf. Maier, Waldstein, & Synowski, 2003).In terms of biological mechanisms, the field is further along, but much remains to be learned. A series of studies in the mid-1990s was able to show via beta-adrenergic blockade that activation of the sympathetic nervous system was responsible for the immune system effects of acute stressors (Bachen et al, 1995;Benschop, Nieuwenhuis, et al, 1994).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychological Stress and the Human Immune System: A Meta-Analytic Study of 30 Years of Inquiry.

Segerstrom

Miller

2004

Psychological Bulletin

2,647

1,845

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The present report meta-analyzes more than 300 empirical articles describing a relationship between psychological stress and parameters of the immune system in human participants. Acute stressors (lasting minutes) were associated with potentially adaptive upregulation of some parameters of natural immunity and downregulation of some functions of specific immunity. Brief naturalistic stressors (such as exams) tended to suppress cellular immunity while preserving humoral immunity. Chronic stressors were associated with suppression of both cellular and humoral measures. Effects of event sequences varied according to the kind of event (trauma vs. loss). Subjective reports of stress generally did not associate with immune change. In some cases, physical vulnerability as a function of age or disease also increased vulnerability to immune change during stressors.Since the dawn of time, organisms have been subject to evolutionary pressure from the environment. The ability to respond to environmental threats or stressors such as predation or natural disaster enhanced survival and therefore reproductive capacity, and physiological responses that supported such responses could be selected for. In mammals, these responses include changes that increase the delivery of oxygen and glucose to the heart and the large skeletal muscles. The result is physiological support for adaptive behaviors such as "fight or flight." Immune responses to stressful situations may be part of these adaptive responses because, in addition to the risk inherent in the situation (e.g., a predator), fighting and fleeing carries the risk of injury and subsequent entry of infectious agents into the bloodstream or skin. Any wound in the skin is likely to contain pathogens that could multiply and cause infection (Williams & Leaper, 1998). Stress-induced changes in the immune system that could accelerate wound repair and help prevent infections from taking hold would therefore be adaptive and selected along with other physiological changes that increased evolutionary fitness.Modern humans rarely encounter many of the stimuli that commonly evoked fight-or-flight responses for their ancestors, such as predation or inclement weather without protection. However, human physiological response continues to reflect the demands of earlier environments. Threats that do not require a physical response (e.g., academic exams) may therefore have physical consequences, including changes in the immune system. Indeed, over the past 30 years, more than 300 studies have been done on stress and immunity in humans, and together they have shown that psychological challenges are capable of modifying various features of the immune response. In this article we attempt to consolidate empirical knowledge about psychological stress and the human immune system through meta-analysis. Both the construct of stress and the human immune system are complex, and both could consume bookCorrespondence concerning this article should be addressed to Suzanne C. Segerstrom, Department of Ps...

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“…In contrast, a challenge appraisal would occur when the demands are appraised within the person's resources, and is characterized by positive emotion and efficient physiological activation. In a mental arithmetic task, threat appraisals predicted greater negative affect and perceived stress, whereas challenge appraisals were related to greater positive affect and task engagement (Maier et al 2003). Further, fatigue induced by cognitive overload has been shown to elevate appraisals of threat and uncontrollability (Saxby et al 2013).…”

mentioning

confidence: 96%

Effects of Cognitive Appraisal and Mental Workload Factors on Performance in an Arithmetic Task

Galy

Mélan

2015

Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback

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We showed in a previous study an additive interaction between intrinsic and extraneous cognitive loads and of participants' alertness in an 1-back working memory task. The interaction between intrinsic and extraneous cognitive loads was only observed when participants' alertness was low (i.e. in the morning). As alertness is known to reflect an individual's general functional state, we suggested that the working memory capacity available for germane cognitive load depends on a participant's functional state, in addition to intrinsic and extraneous loads induced by the task and task conditions. The relationships between the different load types and their assessment by specific load measures gave rise to a modified cognitive load model. The aim of the present study was to complete the model by determining to what extent and at what processing level an individual's characteristics intervene in order to implement efficient strategies in a working memory task. Therefore, the study explored participants' cognitive appraisal of the situation in addition to the load factors considered previously-task difficulty, time pressure and alertness. Each participant performed a mental arithmetic task in four different cognitive load conditions (crossover of two task difficulty conditions and of two time pressure conditions), both while their alertness was low (9 a.m.) and high (4 p.m.). Results confirmed an additive effect of task difficulty and time pressure, previously reported in the 1-back memory task, thereby lending further support to the modified cognitive load model. Further, in the high intrinsic and extraneous load condition, performance was reduced on the morning session (i.e. when alertness was low) on one hand, and in those participants' having a threat appraisal of the situation on the other hand. When these factors were included into the analysis, a performance drop occurred in the morning irrespective of cognitive appraisal, and with threat appraisal in the afternoon (i.e. high alertness). Taken together, these findings indicate that mental overload can be the result of a combination of subject-related characteristics, including alertness and cognitive appraisal, in addition to well-documented task-related components (intrinsic and extraneous load). As the factors investigated in the study are known to be critically involved in a number of real job-activities, the findings suggest that solutions designed to reduce incidents and accidents at work should consider the situation from a global perspective, including individual characteristics, task parameters, and work organization, rather than dealing with each factor separately.

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Relation of cognitive appraisal to cardiovascular reactivity, affect, and task engagement

Cited by 95 publications

References 31 publications

Perceived Stress is Associated with Impaired T-Cell Response to HPV16 in Women with Cervical Dysplasia

Perceived Stress is Associated with Impaired T-Cell Response to HPV16 in Women with Cervical Dysplasia

Psychological Stress and the Human Immune System: A Meta-Analytic Study of 30 Years of Inquiry.

Effects of Cognitive Appraisal and Mental Workload Factors on Performance in an Arithmetic Task

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