Relation of early socialization experiences to aggression in middle childhood.

Ordinary physical punishment: Is it harmful? Comment on Gershoff (2002).

“…This confirms the generally accepted view that physical correction is inappropriate with teenagers. In contrast, the three studies of younger children all found more detrimental associations (effect sizes) for alternative punishment tactics than for physical punishment (Sears, 1961;Straus & Mouradian, 1998;Yarrow et al, 1968).…”

“…In addition to the problems caused by an overinclusive definition of CP, which could inflate effect sizes, Gershoff (2002) also based effect size estimates partly on cross-sectional correlations when longitudinal correlations were available (e.g., Sears, 1961;Straus, Sugarman, & Giles-Sims, 1997). An alternative strategy would have been to base effect sizes on the most valid associations available in a study or the ones most relevant to the debate about mild or moderate corporal punishment.…”

Some dychotomous classifications of aggression according to its function

“…These subtypes include, but are not limited to, direct versus indirect (Buss 1961;Feshbach 1969), physical versus verbal (Buss 1961), active versus passive (Buss 1961), rational versus manipulative (Bjorkqvist, Osterman and Kaukiainen 1992), proactive versus reactive (Dodge 1991), antisocial versus prosocial (Sears 1961), annoyancemotivated versus incentive-motivated (Zillmann 1979), overt versus covert (Buss 1995), targeted versus targetless (Buss 1961), overt versus relational (Crick 1996;Crick and Grotpeter 1995), and relational versus social (Bjorkqvist 2001;Underwood, Galen and Paquette 2001).…”

Parental reinforcement and the adjustment of sixth grade children.

“…9, A.J.P.H. 15,20 ent to reinforce in the ways discussed earlier-permissively or restrictively, warmly or hostilely. While the primary focus of the present study was not to explore the internal instigators of action, some data relevant 'to this dimension were gathered during the course of the study.…”