Relationship among serum pepsinogens, serum gastrin, gastric mucosal histology andH. pylorivirulence factors in a paediatric population

Abstract

Pepsinogen levels as measured in this study seem predominantly to reflect antral inflammation, but they are not an effective screening test for gastritis (H. pylori-positive or -negative) in dyspeptic children.

Age-Dependent Association among Helicobacter pylori Infection, Serum Pepsinogen Levels and Immune Response of Children to Live Oral Cholera Vaccine CVD 103-HgR

“…Consequently, levels of serum PG I or PG II, or both, are increased in children with H. pylori gastritis [15]–[20], while the ratio of PG I∶PG II decreases as gastric inflammation progresses in severity [15]–[18]. In children and adults, serum pepsinogen levels and their ratio correlate well with the severity of gastric inflammation [15], [19], [20]. Importantly, even if no clinical symptoms are manifest, with increasing age progressive histological changes and gastric pathology develop [21].…”

Gastric Damage and Cancer-Associated Biomarkers in Helicobacter pylori-Infected Children

“…Pepsinogen II $ 8 (Fukuda et al, 2003;Rogers et al, 2003;Lopes et al, 2006;De Angelis et al, 2007;Koivusalo et al, 2007;Guariso et al, 2009;Kassem et al, 2017;Nakayama et al, 2017) Extracellular secreted protein GC biomarker PIM2 (Maciorkowska et al, 2005) Cell adhesion protein Oncogenic *1 study shows no significant mRNA upregulation in infected children. (Haruna et al, 2008).…”

“…TWIST-1 (coding twist-related protein 1) is involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition and cell-migration processes, and is overexpressed in several human cancers, including GC (Yang et al, 2007;Izadpanah et al, 2017). However, TWIST-1 is hypermethylated in GC and other neoplasms (Gort et al, 2008;Kang et al, 2008;Sakamoto et al, 2015), so its functional (Ozturk et al, 2005;Saf et al, 2015) Transcription factor Anti-oncogenic p21**** 1 (Saf et al, 2015) Signaling protein or kinases Controversial Pepsinogen I $ ***** 8 (Fukuda et al, 2003;Rogers et al, 2003;Lopes et al, 2006;Roma et al, 2006;Guariso et al, 2009;Kassem et al, 2017;Nakayama et al, 2017;Kienesberger et al, 2018) Extracellular secreted protein GC biomarker…”

“…**2 studies show no significant change in expression (Nardone et al, 2001;Villarreal-Calderon et al, 2014). ***5 studies show no significant change in expression (Fukuda et al, 2003;Roma et al, 2006;Xie et al, 2006;De Angelis et al, 2007;Koivusalo et al, 2007), and 1 study show significant downregulation (Lopes et al, 2006); as most studies agree that gastrin is upregulated, it was not included in Table 2. ****1 study published before 1999 shows no significant change in expression (Jones et al, 1997).…”

“…In children, expression of PGI and II in gastric tissue of infected children has been reported to increase at the protein level (Roma et al, 2006) and decrease at the mRNA level (Ikuse et al, 2012). However, various studies have shown a consistent increase in serum PGII in both symptomatic (Lopes et al, 2006;De Angelis et al, 2007;Koivusalo et al, 2007;Guariso et al, 2009;Kassem et al, 2017) and asymptomatic (Fukuda et al, 2003;Rogers et al, 2003;Nakayama et al, 2017) infected children. In case of PGI, most studies show serum overexpression in both symptomatic and asymptomatic infected children (Fukuda et al, 2003;Rogers et al, 2003;Lopes et al, 2006;Roma et al, 2006;Guariso et al, 2009;Kassem et al, 2017;Nakayama et al, 2017;Kienesberger et al, 2018); but 2 studies reported no difference between infected and non-infected children (De Angelis et al, 2007;Koivusalo et al, 2007).…”