Relationship between Composition and Toxicity of Motor Vehicle Emission Samples

McDonald, Jacob D.; Eide, Ingvar; Seagrave, JeanClare; Zielińska, Barbara; Whitney, Kevin A.; Lawson, Douglas R.; Mauderly, Joe L.

doi:10.1289/ehp.6976

Cited by 106 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…This can be attributed to its postulated impacts on the global climate (Novakov and Penner, 1993;Kanakidou et al, 2005) and on human health (McDonald et al, 2004;Metzger et al, 2004). The carbonaceous aerosol contains a large number of organic species, but the majority remains yet to be identified.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbonaceous aerosols in Norwegian urban areas

et al. 2009

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Abstract. Little is known regarding levels and source strength of carbonaceous aerosols in Scandinavia. In the present study, ambient aerosol (PM 10 and PM 2.5 ) concentrations of elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC), waterinsoluble organic carbon (WINSOC), and water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) are reported for a curbside site, an urban background site, and a suburban site in Norway in order to investigate their spatial and seasonal variations. Aerosol filter samples were collected using tandem filter sampling to correct for the positive sampling artefact introduced by volatile and semivolatile OC. Analyses were performed using the thermal optical transmission (TOT) instrument from Sunset Lab Inc., which corrects for charring during analysis. Finally, we estimated the relative contribution of OC from wood burning based on the samples content of levoglucosan.Levels of EC varied by more than one order of magnitude between sites, likely due to the higher impact of vehicular traffic at the curbside and the urban background sites. In winter, the level of particulate organic carbon (OC p ) at the suburban site was equal to (for PM 10 ) or even higher (for PM 2.5 ) than the levels observed at the curbside and the urban background sites. This finding was attributed to the impact of residential wood burning at the suburban site in winter, which was confirmed by a high mean concentration of levoglucosan (407 ng m −3 ). This finding indicates that exposure to primary combustion derived OC p could be equally high in residential areas as in a city center. It is demonstrated that OC p from wood burning (OC wood ) accounted for almost all OC p at the suburban site in winter, allowing a new estimate of the ratio TC p /levoglucosan for both PM 10 and PM 2.5 . Particulate carbonaceous material (PCM=Organic matter+Elemental matter) accounted for 46-83% of PM 10 at the sites studied, thus being the major fraction.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbonaceous aerosols in Norwegian urban areas

et al. 2009

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“…The toxicity of motor vehicle exhaust is partly because it consists of organic compounds and oxidant gases that are thought to contribute to the inflammatory and other effects of inhaled particles. 12,13 Generally, traffic is the primary source of UFPs in urban areas and near busy roadways. 14 -22 Cohort studies have typically reported a much higher risk for cardiovascular events for people who live within 150 m of a major highway.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factor Analysis of Submicron Particle Size Distributions near a Major United States–Canada Trade Bridge

Ogulei

Hopke

Ferro

et al. 2007

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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A factor analytic model has been applied to resolve and apportion particles based on submicron particle size distributions downwind of a United States-Canada bridge in Buffalo, NY. The sites chosen for this study were located at gradually increasing distances downwind of the bridge complex. Seven independent factors were resolved, including four factors that were common to all of the five sites considered. The common factors were generally characterized by the existence of two or more number and surface area modes. The seven factors resolved were identified as follows: fresh tail-pipe diesel exhaust, local/street diesel traffic, aged/evolved diesel particles, spark-ignition gasoline emissions, background urban emissions, heavyduty diesel agglomerates, and secondary/transported material. Submicron (Ͻ0.5 m) and ultrafine (Ͻ0.1 m) particle emissions downwind of the bridge were dominated by commercial diesel truck emissions. Thus, this study obtained size distinction between fresh versus aged vehicle exhaust and spark-ignition versus diesel emissions based on the measured high time-resolution particle number concentrations. Because this study mainly used particles Ͻ300 nm in diameter, some sources that would usually exhibit number modes Ͼ100 nm were not resolved. Also, the resolved profiles suggested that the major number mode for fresh tailpipe diesel exhaust might exist below the detection limit of the spectrometer used. The average particle number contributions from the resolved factors were highest closest to the bridge.

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“…[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] The Mexican Health Bureau, Secretaría de Salud, revised the previous National Ambient Air Quality for particles 12 establishing a 24-hr average concentration limit of 65 g m Ϫ3 and an annual average concentration of 15 g m Ϫ3 for PM 2.5 and also modified the PM with aerodynamic diameter of less than 10 m (PM 10 ) 24-hr average concentration limit to 120 g m…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fine and Coarse Particulate Matter Chemical Characterization in a Heavily Industrialized City in Central Mexico during Winter 2003

Vega¹,

Ruiz²,

Martínez-Villa³

et al. 2007

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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This paper presents the results of the first reported study on fine particulate matter (PM) chemical composition at Salamanca, a highly industrialized urban area of Central Mexico. Samples were collected at six sites within the urban area during February and March 2003. Several trace elements, organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and six ions were analyzed to characterize aerosols. Average concentrations of PM with aerodynamic diameter of less than 10 m (PM 10 ) and fine PM with aerodynamic diameter of less than 2.5 m (PM 2.5 ) ranged from 32.2 to 76.6 g m Ϫ3 and 11.1 to 23.7 g m Ϫ3, respectively. OC (34%), SO 4 ϭ (25.1%), EC (12.9%), and geological material (12.5%) were the major components of PM 2.5 . For PM 10 , geological material (57.9%), OC (17.3%), and SO 4 ϭ (9.7%) were the major components. Coarse fraction (PM 10 Ϫ PM 2.5 ), geological material (81.7%), and OC (8.6%) were the dominant species, which amounted to 90.4%. Correlation analysis showed that sulfate in PM 2.5 was present as ammonium sulfate. Sulfate showed a significant spatial variation with higher concentrations to the north resulting from predominantly southwesterly winds above the surface layer and by major SO 2 sources that include a power plant and refinery. At the urban site of Cruz Roja it was observed that PM 2.5 mass concentrations were similar to the submicron fraction concentrations. Furthermore, the correlation between EC in PM 2.5 and EC measured from an aethalometer was r 2 ϭ 0.710. Temporal variations of SO 2 and nitrogen oxide were observed during a day when the maximum concentration of PM 2.5 was measured, which was associated with emissions from the nearby refinery and power plant. From cascade impactor measurements, the three measured modes of airborne particles corresponded with diameters of 0.32, 1.8, and 5.6 m.

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Relationship between Composition and Toxicity of Motor Vehicle Emission Samples

Cited by 106 publications

References 33 publications

Carbonaceous aerosols in Norwegian urban areas

Carbonaceous aerosols in Norwegian urban areas

Factor Analysis of Submicron Particle Size Distributions near a Major United States–Canada Trade Bridge

Fine and Coarse Particulate Matter Chemical Characterization in a Heavily Industrialized City in Central Mexico during Winter 2003

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