“…Data were collected on the demographic and health-related variables, including age, gender, body mass index (BMI, kg/m 2 ), living status, residence (urban, rural), marital status, education level, functional ability, smoking status, drinking status, and the number of diseases. Functional ability was measured through a scale comprised of 14 items including both the Activities of Daily Living (ADL) and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL), adapted from Lawton and Brody [38] and validated by our previous work [33]. Based on the physical health section of the Older Americans Resources and Services (ORAS) [38], participants were asked to report their diagnosis history of the following diseases or conditions: high blood pressure, diabetes, heart disease (coronary or valve disease), hyperlipidemia, angina, chronic bronchitis (emphysema), cerebral infarction (stroke), coronary heart disease(CHD), cataract, arthritis, cancer, liver or kidney-related diseases.…”