Relationship between international tourism and concentrations of PM 2.5: an ecological study based on WHO data

Hemmati, Farhad; Dabbaghi, Fatemeh; Mahmoudi, Ghahraman

doi:10.1007/s40201-020-00524-6

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…According to the China Statistical Yearbook published by China's National Bureau of Statistics, since the 1980s, China's tourism industry has experienced tremendous growth, with inbound tourists increasing from 1.81 million in 1978 to 139.78 million in 2017, making China one of the world's largest host countries for inbound tourism [1]. Tourism has become one of the strongest and largest industries internationally and is regarded as an engine of economic development [2,3]. A growing body of literature has explored various factors that influence the attraction of tourists, such as extreme weather events [4], tourist security [5,6], and government policies [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Relationship between CO2 Emissions, Air Pollution, and Tourism Flows in China: A Panel Data Analysis of Chinese Provinces

2021

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This study quantitatively investigated the relationship between climate change (proxied by CO2 emissions), air pollution (proxied by PM2.5 concentration levels and PM10 and SO2 emissions), and tourism flows (proxied by inbound and domestic tourist arrivals) using panel data for 30 Chinese provinces from 2010 to 2017. The results demonstrate a long-term equilibrium relationship between CO2 emissions, air pollution variables, and tourism flows (including the number of inbound and domestic tourists). The panel data model results show that CO2 emissions have an opposite effect on inbound and domestic tourist arrivals, while domestic and inbound tourists positively affect CO2 emissions. PM2.5 level and PM10 and SO2 emissions all have a negative effect on the number of tourists. There is bidirectional causality between CO2 emissions and domestic tourist arrivals, which means CO2 emissions and domestic tourist arrivals have a two-way effect. A one-way causality running from PM2.5 to inbound tourist arrivals and SO2 emissions to domestic tourist arrivals was found. Moreover, we also found bidirectional causality between PM10 and inbound tourist arrivals and PM10 and domestic tourist arrivals. Variance decomposition function results suggest that PM10 and SO2 emissions have stronger effects on inbound tourist arrivals in the long term, while CO2 emissions and PM10 have stronger power in explaining innovations in domestic tourist arrivals. The movements in the domestic tourist arrivals do significantly affect CO2 emissions in the long run. The study provides theoretical implications and guidance for achieving a healthy and sustainable tourism industry.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Tourism has become one of the strongest and largest industries internationally and is regarded as an engine of economic development [2,3]. A growing body of literature has explored various factors that influence the attraction of tourists, such as extreme weather events [4], tourist security [5,6], and government policies [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Relationship between CO2 Emissions, Air Pollution, and Tourism Flows in China: A Panel Data Analysis of Chinese Provinces

2021

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“…Academic studies have shown that air pollution, often resulting from the emission of GHGs and particulates, can harm respiratory health, cardiovascular health, and overall well-being [1,2]. Furthermore, it is well-established that reducing human activities, such as industrial and vehicular emissions, can improve air quality, which can, in turn, positively affect public health and ecosystem sustainability [3,7]. Previous studies during the Nyepi celebration have shown a significant reduction in electrical power usage that can be used to reduce emissions into the air [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of human activities on Bali’s Silent Day (Nyepi) in 2022

Nuryanto,

Permana,

Hidayanto

et al. 2024

E3S Web of Conf.

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During Nyepi, all activities are eliminated, including public services, such as closing access to land, sea, and air transportation routes that transit to Bali for one day. In 2022, the BMKG Research and Development Center observed air quality in Nyepi. The measurement aims to determine the relative reduction level of greenhouse gas (GHG) and particulate emissions on Nyepi Day compared to before and after. Greenhouse gases and particulates were measured for seven days, February 28 - March 6, 2022. The measurement locations were over 3 points: Denpasar Regional Office III, Karangasem Geophysics Post, and Jembrana Climatology Station. The results of this field measurement show that daily human activities significantly influence the concentration of pollutant gases and particulates in the air. During Nyepi Day, air concentration improves when all human actions are reduced. This is marked by a decrease in the air’s concentration of pollutant gases (CO, NO2) and dust particles. The reduction in the concentration of pollutant gases and dust particles did vary at each observation location; this was due to the sensitivity of the equipment, the character of each observation location, and the placement of measuring devices. Urban areas filled with community activities have experienced the greatest improvement in air quality compared to suburban areas. Order of measuring instruments close to the location of pollutant sources, even in suburban areas, will decrease the concentration of pollutant gases, similar to that in urban areas. The difference between PM25 data during Nyepi 2022 and the average PM25 for 2020 - 2022 shows a decrease in PM25 concentrations of around 47%, with the highest drop at night.

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“…Iranian cities such as Tehran, Isfahan and Tabriz have steadily attracted medical visitors from their surrounding countries (Moghimehfar and Nasr-Esfahani, 2011). The competitive advantage of Iran over other medical tourism destinations lies in its religious affiliations as an Islamic nation, and perceptions of high-quality care at affordable prices have been major factors of attracting these tourists (Hemmati et al , 2018). This move to medical tourism serves national political interests to lessen their reliance on the oil industry, where tourism is seen as an instrument for economic diversification (Momeni et al , 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 and medical tourism intentions for Iran – a test of the risk perception attitude framework (RPAF)

Abbaspour

Soltani

Tham

2022

JIMA

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Purpose This paper aims to examine whether medical tourism can be a frontrunner in terms of post-pandemic recovery for the industry Design/methodology/approach A mixed-method analysis of 17 interviews and 210 questionnaires involving medical tourists to Iran was applied. Findings Medical tourists perceived the risks posed by COVID-19 as a temporal one, and attitudes toward post pandemic visitation intentions remained strong. In addition, these tourists can mostly be classified into responsive individuals, who demonstrate not only high risk but also high efficacy levels to negotiate the threats posed by the pandemic. No gender differences were located between male and female medical tourists in terms of post-COVID-19 travel intentions to Iran. Originality/value This research extends the application of the risk perception attitude framework to a medical tourism context. Furthermore, medical tourists are uncovered as another segment of crisis-resistant tourists.

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Relationship between international tourism and concentrations of PM 2.5: an ecological study based on WHO data

Cited by 7 publications

References 24 publications

The Relationship between CO2 Emissions, Air Pollution, and Tourism Flows in China: A Panel Data Analysis of Chinese Provinces

The Relationship between CO2 Emissions, Air Pollution, and Tourism Flows in China: A Panel Data Analysis of Chinese Provinces

The effect of human activities on Bali’s Silent Day (Nyepi) in 2022

COVID-19 and medical tourism intentions for Iran – a test of the risk perception attitude framework (RPAF)

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