The structure and properties of an Mg-Zn-Ca alloy processed by high-pressure torsion (HPT) are investigated. Microstructure is studied by transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. An enhanced microhardness of 990 MPa is observed in the HPTprocessed samples due to an uniform microstructure with a grain size of 150 nm. After additional annealing at 200 C, the ultrafine-grained alloy demonstrates an ultimate tensile strength of 270 MPa with a ductility of 9%.Mg and its alloys show great potential in biomedical applications due to its biocompatibility, low density, high strength-to-weight ratio, elastic modulus comparable to bone, and biodegradability. [1][2][3][4] It is known that magnesium alloys containing Al, Zn, Mn are toxic for human body. [5] Therefore, an alloy of the Mg-Zn-Ca system has been chosen for investigations, [6][7][8][9][10] because of low-toxicological effects on human body. The dissolution rate and tensile strength of Mg-based alloys having different contents of Zn and Ca have been considered in ref. [7,11,12] In particular, it has been observed that the content of Zn should not exceed 1%, [7,11] and the content of Ca is recommended to be within 0.3%. [12] On the basis of these observations, the Mg-1%Zn-0.13%Ca has been selected for investigations. It is known that the magnesium alloys of this system demonstrate rather weak mechanical properties. At the same time recent studies have shown that the application of severe plastic deformation results in the grain refinement of conventional magnesium-based alloys leading to significant enhancement of strength. [13][14][15][16][17][18] The aim of this work is to study the influence of grain refinement on the enhancement of mechanical properties of a Mg-Zn-Ca alloy processed by high-pressure torsion (HPT).