Relationship between trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids with total organic halogen during chlorination

Pourmoghaddas, Hossein; Stevens, Alan A.

doi:10.2166/ws.2002.0211

Cited by 16 publications

(19 citation statements)

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“…For all the byproducts evaluated, higher concentrations were observed in Nova Scotia compared to Ontario samples. The main factors affecting DBP formation are pH, contact time, temperature and season, concentration and properties of natural organic materials, concentration of chlorine and residual chlorine, and concentration of bromide (Krasner et al, 1989;Singer, 1993;Pourmogahaddas and Stevens, 1995;Williams et al, 1997). Variation in the bromide ion concentration of source water is the primary determinant of the relative percentage of brominated byproducts formed (Krasner et al, 1989;Williams et al, 1997).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure assessment in epidemiologic studies of adverse pregnancy outcomes and disinfection byproducts

King

Dodds

Armson

et al. 2004

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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A major challenge in studies that examine the association between disinfection byproducts in drinking water and pregnancy outcomes is the accurate representation of a subject's exposure. We used household water samples and questionnaire information on water-use behavior to examine several aspects of exposure assessment: (i) the distribution and correlation of specific disinfection byproducts, (ii) spatial distribution system and temporal variation in byproduct levels, and (iii) the contribution of individual water-use behavior. The level of specific trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) was determined for 360 household water samples in Eastern Ontario and Nova Scotia. Subjects were interviewed regarding tap water ingestion and showering and bathing practices. In both provinces, total THMs correlated highly with chloroform (correlation coefficient (r) 40.95) and less so with total HAAs (r ¼ 0.74 in Nova Scotia and r ¼ 0.52 in Ontario). The correlation between total THMs and bromodichloromethane was high in Nova Scotia (r ¼ 0.63), but low in Ontario (r ¼ 0.26). The correlation was between THM level in individual household samples, and the mean THM level during the same time period from several distribution system samples was 0.63, while a higher correlation in THM level was observed for samples taken at the same location 1 year apart (r ¼ 0.87). A correlation of 0.73 was found between household THM level and a total exposure measure incorporating ingestion, showering, and bathing behaviors. These results point to the importance of: measurement of different classes of byproducts; household rather than distribution system sampling; and, incorporation of subject behaviors in exposure assessment in epidemiologic studies of disinfection byproducts and adverse pregnancy outcomes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure assessment in epidemiologic studies of adverse pregnancy outcomes and disinfection byproducts

King

Dodds

Armson

et al. 2004

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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“…Trussel and Umphres (1978) postulated that THM formation involves a hydrolysis step that is facilitated at higher pH. However, the increase in THMs was shown by Pourmoghaddas and Stevens (1995) to be counterbalanced by a decrease in other DBPs, including HAAs.…”

Section: Phmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predicting chlorine decay and THM formation in water supply systems

Brown

Bridgeman

West

2011

Rev Environ Sci Biotechnol

122

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In 1976, the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) published the results of a national survey that showed that chloroform and other trihalomethanes (THMs) were ubiquitous in chlorinated drinking water. Also in 1976, the US National Cancer Institute published results linking chloroform to cancer in laboratory animals, thus giving rise to an important public health issue. Although numerous disinfection by-products (DBPs) have been reported in the literature since that time, with more than 700 confirmed species to date, only a small number have been addressed in either quantitative or health effects studies. The DBPs that have been quantified in drinking water are generally present at low to mid lg/ l levels or below. Approximately 50% of the total organic halide (TOX) formed during the chlorination of drinking water and more than 50% of the assimilable organic carbon (AOC) formed during ozonation of drinking water is still not accounted for and little is known about the potential toxicity of many of the vast number of DBPs present in drinking water. The presence of free chlorine is a prerequisite to THM formation. Therefore, a robust understanding of the mechanisms of both chlorine decay and THM formation are fundamental to the management of THMs in water supply systems. This paper presents a review of work undertaken to improve our understanding of these key phenomena and highlights areas of vulnerability in our knowledge and so recommends areas of future research.

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“…A major fraction of TOX is still unidentified in many chlorinated waters. The main factors affecting the DBP formation and speciation are pH, contact time, temperature, concentration and properties of NOM, chlorine dose, and bromide concentration [15][16][17][18][19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%