Relationship of drinking water disinfectants to plasma cholesterol and thyroid hormone levels in experimental studies.

Revis, N. W.; McCauley, P T; Bull, Richard J.; Holdsworth, G.

doi:10.1073/pnas.83.5.1485

Cited by 21 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…l -1 were associated with a significant increase in follicular epithelial cell height and a significant frequency distribution shift to the higher height categories. These results suggest antithyroidal effects of chlorine or chlorinated products formed when chlorine reacts with organic matter in the upper gastrointestinal tract as it is presumed in pigeons (Revis et al 1986) or the effects of some iodinated molecule forming in trace quantities in the alimentary tract responsible for the thyroid inhibition during chlorine dioxide exposure (Bercz et al 1986). It has also been shown (Bercz et al 1982;Orme et al 1985) that decreased serum thyroxin levels occur in monkeys and neonatal rats during subchronic exposure to chlorine dioxide in drinking water.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

The Effects of Chlorine Intake on Some Morphometric Parameters of the Thyroid Gland in Lambs

Konova¹,

Bekeová²,

Levkut³

1999

Acta Vet. Brno

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KóÀová M., E. Békeová, M. Levkut: The Effects of Chlorine Intake on Some Morphometric Parameters of the Thyroid Gland in Lambs. Acta Vet. Brno 1999, 68: 191-195.The aim of the study was to determine whether drinking water containing two concentrations of chlorine (0.3 mg . l -1 or 1.8 mg . l -1 ) affects morphometric indicators of follicular epithelial cells and the diameter of thyroid gland follicles in young lambs.The height of follicular epithelial cells, the diameter of thyroid gland follicles, the frequency of epithelial cell height categories, and the frequency of follicular diameter categories were studied in two groups of lambs after two treatments: one for four weeks and the other for three months. The first group had access to drinking water with 0.3 mg . l -1 chlorine (short-term intake and low Cl concentration) for four weeks. The second group had access to drinking water containing 1.8 mg . l -1 chlorine (long-term intake and high concentration) for three months.A significant increase (P < 0.01) in follicular epithelial cell height and a significant frequency distribution shift to the higher cellular height categories was observed after intake of chlorinated water (0.3 mg . l -1 ), (P < 0.01 for cell height categories 3.1-4 and 4.1-5 µm) for four weeks. There was also a significant shift (P < 0.01 for cell height categories 4.1-5 and 5.1-6 µm) in lambs receiving 1.8 mg . l -1 chlorine in their drinking water for three months as compared to controls.The diameter of thyroid gland follicles significantly decreased (P < 0.01), and the percent of small thyroid follicles significantly increased (for diameter categories 20.1-40 and 40.1-60 µm P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively) in lambs receiving 1.8 mg . l -1 chlorine in drinking water for three months as compared to controls.Our morphometric findings suggest that chlorine interferes with the thyroid metabolism in lambs, however, with no macroscopically detectable changes of the thyroid.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

The Effects of Chlorine Intake on Some Morphometric Parameters of the Thyroid Gland in Lambs

Konova¹,

Bekeová²,

Levkut³

1999

Acta Vet. Brno

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“…The study used one monochloramine concentration (2 ppm) in the range typically found in public water systems and one monochloramine concentration (15 ppm) somewhat higher than that usually found in public water systems. These concentrations were the same as those at which Revis found effects in pigeons (2). Drinking water for each subject was prepared by standard 15 PPM CHLORAMINE DRINKING WATER: Distilled = 1.5 liter per day distilled water buffered to pH 8.5 with NaHPO4 Chloramine = 1.5 lIter per day distilled water with chloramine added and buffered to pH 8.5 with NaHPO 4…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Revis and colleagues have studied the effect ofdrinking water chlorine and monochloramine on lipid and thyroid metabolism in white Cameau pigeons (2). Pigeons consuming a high-fat, high-cholesterol, low-calcium diet experienced a significant increase in serum cholesterol and a decrease in serum thyroxine when given chlorinated water to drink.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Drinking Water Monochloramine on Lipid and Thyroid Metabolism in Healthy Men

Wones¹,

Deck²,

Stadler³

et al. 1993

Environmental Health Perspectives

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The purpose ofthis study was to determine whether a 4-week consumption of 1.5 L per day ofdrinking water containing monochloramine at a concentration of 2 ppm (ppm = mg/L) or 15 ppm under controlled conditions would alter parameters oflipid or thyroid metabolism in healthy men. Forty-eight men completed an8-week protocol during which diet (600 mg cholesterol per day, 40% calories as fat) and other factors known to affect lipid metabolism were controlled. During the first 4 weeks ofthe protocol, an subjects consumed distilled water. During the second 4 weeks, one-third of the subjects were assigned randomly to drink 1.5 L per day of water containing 2 ppm ofmonochloramine, to drink 1.5 L per day ofwater containing 15 ppm monochloramine, or to continue driking distifled water. Four blood samples were collected from each subject at the end of each 4-week study period. Subjects drinking monochloramine at a concentration of 2 ppm showed no significant changes in total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, apolipoproteins Al, A2, or B when compared to the distilled water group. Parameters of thyroid function also were unchanged by exposure tomonodoraineat this concentration. However, subjects drinking monochloranmine at a concentration of 15 ppmecperienced an ince in the evel ofapolipoproteinB. Other paraneters of ipid and thyroid metabolism did not change. We conclude that consumption of drinking water containing 2 ppm of monochloramine does not alter parameters oflipid and thyroid metabolism in healthy men. Consumption ofwater containing 15 ppm monochloramine may be associated with increased levels of plasma apolipoprotein B.

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“…The characteristics ofthe study diets were designed to mimic Revis' study in pigeons (4). Therefore, the study diets were relatively high in total fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol.…”

Section: Distilledmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Revis and colleagues have studied the effect of drinking water chlorine on lipid metabolism and thyroid function in white Carneau pigeons (4). Pigeons consuming a high-fat, highcholesterol, low-calcium diet experienced a significant increase in serum cholesterol and a decrease in serum thyroxine when given chlorinated water to drink.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lack of Effect of Drinking Water Chlorine on Lipid and Thyroid Metabolism in Healthy Humans

Wones¹,

Deck²,

Stadler³

et al. 1993

Environmental Health Perspectives

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Animal studies and a single human epideidological study have suggested that chlorine in drinking water may raise the level ofblood cholesterol. The purpose ofthis study was to detenrine whether a4-week exposure to drinking water chlorine (1.5 L per day) at a concentration of20 ppm (ppn = mg/L) under controlled conditions would alter circulating parameters of lipid metabolism in healthy humans. Thirty men and thirty women each completed an 8-week protocol during which diet (600 mg cholesterol per day, 40% calories as fat) and other factors known to affect lipid metabolism were controlled. For the first 4 weeks ofthe protocol, all subjects consumied distilled water. For the second 4 weeks, halfof the subjects were assigned randomly to drinkl L5 L per day ofdclorinated water (20 ppm), while the others continued ddnking distilled water. Four blood samples were collected from each subject at the end ofeach 4-week study period. Compared to the control group, those subjects given chlorine showed no significant changes in total plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, or apolipoproteins Al, A2, or B. There was a trend toward low serum thyroxine and triiodothyronine levels in men giwn chlorine, though thyroid-smulating hormone levels were un d. This trend, ifreal, was not clinically significant. Thus, short-term exposure to chlorinated drinking water at 20 ppm appears to have no significant impact on parameters of lipid or thyroid metabolism in healthy humans.

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Relationship of drinking water disinfectants to plasma cholesterol and thyroid hormone levels in experimental studies.

Cited by 21 publications

References 15 publications

The Effects of Chlorine Intake on Some Morphometric Parameters of the Thyroid Gland in Lambs

The Effects of Chlorine Intake on Some Morphometric Parameters of the Thyroid Gland in Lambs

Effects of Drinking Water Monochloramine on Lipid and Thyroid Metabolism in Healthy Men

Lack of Effect of Drinking Water Chlorine on Lipid and Thyroid Metabolism in Healthy Humans

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