Relationships between BK virus lineages and human populations

Zheng, Haiyan; Nishimoto, Yuriko; Chen, Qin; Hasegawa, Masami; Zhong, Sen; Ikegaya, Hiroshi; Ohno, Nobutada; Sugimoto, Chie; Takasaka, Tomokazu; Kitamura, Tadaichi; Yogo, Yoshiaki

doi:10.1016/j.micinf.2006.11.008

Cited by 114 publications

(180 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…The possibility that commonly used PCR primers do not robustly detect non-genotype I BKVs (particularly in the case of individuals coinfected with multiple BKV genotypes) is consistent with our observation that BKV-II seroprevalence (Fig. 2) is about 20-fold higher than prior PCR-based prevalence estimates (17,25). A recent report by Chehadeh and Nampoory may also illustrate the problem of older BKV-I-biased PCR results (41).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…PCR-based prevalence studies have suggested that infection with BKV-II or -III is rare in all human populations worldwide (17,25). In contrast to these prior PCR-based prevalence studies, our serological analysis indicates that 33/48 (69%) members of this group of subjects are BKV-II seropositive (defined by EC 50 titers of 100 or greater).…”

Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 78%

“…Based on initial phylogenetic analyses, we chose BKV representatives from each of the major branches of the tree, specifically BKV-Ia (isolate name BK-D; accession number JF894228), BKV-Ib1 (KOM-5; AB211374) (15), BKV-Ib2 (PittVR2; DQ989796) (16), BKV-Ic (RYU-2; AB211377) (15), BKV-II (GBR-12; AB263920) (17), BKV-III (KOM-3; AB211386) (15), BKV-IVb1 (THK-8; AB211390) (15), and BKV-IVc2 (A-66H; AB369093) (2,9). A codonmodified version of the VP1 gene of each variant was designed according to a previously reported algorithm (18), with the exception of variant KOM-5, which was expressed from an unmodified late region fragment that includes the native agnoprotein and VP2/3 genes (19).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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BK Polyomavirus Genotypes Represent Distinct Serotypes with Distinct Entry Tropism

Pastrana

Ray

Magaldi

et al. 2013

J Virol

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BK polyomavirus (BKV) causes significant urinary tract pathogenesis in immunosuppressed individuals, including kidney and bone marrow transplant recipients. It is currently unclear whether BKV-neutralizing antibodies can moderate or prevent BKV disease. We developed reporter pseudoviruses based on seven divergent BKV isolates and performed neutralization assays on sera from healthy human subjects. The results demonstrate that BKV genotypes I, II, III, and IV are fully distinct serotypes. While nearly all healthy subjects had BKV genotype I-neutralizing antibodies, a majority of subjects did not detectably neutralize genotype III or IV. Surprisingly, BKV subgenotypes Ib1 and Ib2 can behave as fully distinct serotypes. This difference is governed by as few as two residues adjacent to the cellular glycan receptor-binding site on the virion surface. Serological analysis of mice given virus-like particle (VLP)-based BKV vaccines confirmed these findings. Mice administered a multivalent VLP vaccine showed high-titer serum antibody responses that potently cross-neutralized all tested BKV genotypes. Interestingly, each of the neutralization serotypes bound a distinct spectrum of cell surface receptors, suggesting a possible connection between escape from recognition by neutralizing antibodies and cellular attachment mechanisms. The finding implies that different BKV genotypes have different cellular tropisms and pathogenic potentials in vivo. Individuals who are infected with one BKV serotype may remain humorally vulnerable to other BKV serotypes after implementation of T cell immunosuppression. Thus, prevaccinating organ transplant recipients with a multivalent BKV VLP vaccine might reduce the risk of developing posttransplant BKV disease. BK polyomaviruses (BKVs or BKPyVs) are a species of icosahedral, nonenveloped, double-stranded DNA viruses. The genomes of all known full-length isolates of BKV can be categorized into four discrete genotypes based on analyses of nucleotide sequences (1). The prevalence and sequence characteristics of each genotype are thought to vary within different human populations worldwide (2).Studies indicate that 83 to 98% of individuals show serum antibody responses to the BKV genotype I (BKV-I) major capsid protein, VP1, by the time they are 21 years of age (3). The virus is thought to establish a lifelong chronic infection in the urinary epithelium, and virions are periodically shed at low levels in the urine of 5 to 27% of healthy adults (4, 5). Although BKV-I can cause malignancy in animal model systems, conclusive evidence showing a causal connection between BKVs and human cancer is still lacking (reviewed in reference 6). While it remains uncertain whether BKVs cause pathology in healthy individuals, it is clear that certain T cell-immunosuppressed individuals, such as recipients of kidney or bone marrow transplants, are at risk of developing uncontrolled BKV replication that leads to nephropathy or hemorrhagic cystitis, respectively (reviewed in reference 7). Currently available antiv...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 78%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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BK Polyomavirus Genotypes Represent Distinct Serotypes with Distinct Entry Tropism

Pastrana

Ray

Magaldi

et al. 2013

J Virol

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“…BK virus (BKV) isolates are classified into four subtypes (I-IV): Subtype I is globally distributed and subtype IV is prevalent only in Asia and Europe (Zheng et al 2007, Zhong et al 2009), supporting the comigration hypothesis. Observed antigenic variation is probably due to nucleotide variations in the capsid protein VP1 in which few sites showing subtype-linked polymorphisms seem to be under positive selection (Nishimoto et al 2006).…”

Section: Bk Virusmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…Closely related to JCV, the BK polyomavirus (DNA) is ubiquitous in humans, infecting children asymptomatically (average age of acquisition at 3 to 14 years) and persisting in the kidney (Zheng et al 2007). BK virus (BKV) isolates are classified into four subtypes (I-IV): Subtype I is globally distributed and subtype IV is prevalent only in Asia and Europe (Zheng et al 2007, Zhong et al 2009), supporting the comigration hypothesis.…”

Section: Bk Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Human Microbiota as a Marker for Migrations of Individuals and Populations

Domínguez-Bello

Blaser

2011

Annu. Rev. Anthropol.

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In this review, we discuss evidence that the microbes that constitute the human microbiota coevolved with humans and maintain complex community and host interactions. Because these microbes are mostly vertically transmitted, they have evolved within each human group and provide a view of human ancestry. In particular, we discuss using Helicobacter pylori as a marker of ancestry and migrations. Other organisms with more mixed vertical and horizontal transmission are not suitable to trace migrations with any fidelity. Human mixing affects microbial phylogeographic signals, and lifestyles impact the human microbiome population structure. A decade after the human genome was sequenced, we are gaining insights into the population structure of the human microbiome. We also examine whether, rather than focus on the genetics of single microbial populations, a wider approach to the study of human ancestry based on the human microbiome is now possible.

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