Relationships between internal and external handcycle training load in people with spinal cord injury training for the handbikebattle

Groot, Sonja de; Hoekstra, Sven P.; Comtesse, Paul Grandjean Perrenod; Kouwijzer, Ingrid; Valent, L.

doi:10.2340/16501977-2316

Cited by 16 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…All participants are screened and train in self-organizing teams of their rehabilitation center for a period of 4-5 months prior to the HBB event. Data from this project showed that self-regulated handcycle training over a period of five months can increase peak power output (þ17%), peak oxygen uptake (þ7%), peak ventilation (þ9%) and reduce fat mass index (À6.3%), BMI (À2%) and waist circumference (À4%) [65,83,113,114].…”

Section: Health Benefitsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Biophysical aspects of handcycling performance in rehabilitation, daily life and recreational sports; a narrative review

Kraaijenbrink

Vegter

Groot

et al. 2020

Disability and Rehabilitation

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Aim: In this narrative review the potential and importance of handcycling are evaluated. Four conceptual models form the framework for this review; (1) the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health; (2) the Stress-Strain-Capacity model; (3) the Human-Activity-Assistive Technology model; and(4) the power balance model for cyclic exercise. Methods: Based on international handcycle experience in (scientific) research and practice, evidencebased benefits of handcycling and optimization of handcycle settings are presented and discussed for rehabilitation, daily life and recreational sports. Results: As the load can be distributed over the full 360 cycle in handcycling, peak stresses in the shoulder joint and upper body muscles reduce. Moreover, by handcycling regularly, the physical capacity can be improved. The potential of handcycling as an exercise mode for a healthy lifestyle should be recognized and advocated much more widely in rehabilitation and adapted sports practice. The interface between handcycle and its user should be optimized by choosing a suitable person-specific handcycle, but mainly by optimizing the handcycle dimensions to one's needs and desires. These dimensions can influence efficient handcycle use and potentially improve both endurance and speed of handcycling. Conclusion:To optimize performance in rehabilitation, daily life and recreational sports, continued and more systematic research is required. ä IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATIONHandcycling allows users to travel farther distances at higher speeds and to train outdoors. It should be recognized as an alternative exercise modality for daily outdoor use, also already in early rehabilitation, while it contributes to a healthy lifestyle. To individualize handcycle performance, the user-handcycle (assistive device) interface as well as the vehicle mechanics should be optimized to minimize external power and reduce friction, so that the upper body capacity can be efficiently used. To optimize handcycling individual performance, both the physiological and biomechanical aspects of handcycling should be considered when monitoring or testing handcycle exercise.

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Section: Health Benefitsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Biophysical aspects of handcycling performance in rehabilitation, daily life and recreational sports; a narrative review

Kraaijenbrink

Vegter

Groot

et al. 2020

Disability and Rehabilitation

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“…It would, therefore, be an ideal method to monitor training sessions in rehabilitation. Previous studies showed large to nearly perfect correlations (0.5 À 0.97) among TRIMP sRPE and HR-based TRIMP methods in sprint kayak, wheelchair basketball, soccer, cycling and recreational handcycling [15,[17][18][19][20]. Whereas very large to nearly perfect correlations (0.81 À 0.95) were found between TRIMP sRPE and TSS in cycling and recreational handcycling [19,20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Training for the HandbikeBattle: an explorative analysis of training load and handcycling physical capacity in recreationally active wheelchair users

Kouwijzer

Valent

Bennekom

et al. 2020

Disability and Rehabilitation

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Purpose: (1) to analyze training characteristics of recreationally active wheelchair users during handcycle training, and (2) to examine the associations between training load and change in physical capacity. Methods: Former rehabilitation patients (N ¼ 60) with health conditions such as spinal cord injury or amputation were included. Participants trained for five months. A handcycling/arm crank graded exercise test was performed before and after the training period. Outcomes: peak power output per kg (POpeak/ kg) and peak oxygen uptake per kg (VO 2 peak/kg). Training load was defined as Training Impulse (TRIMP), which is rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) multiplied by duration of the session, in arbitrary units (AU). Training intensity distribution (TID) was also determined (time in zone 1, RPE 4; zone 2, RPE 5-6; zone 3, RPE !7). Results: Multilevel regression analyses showed that TRIMP sRPE was not significantly associated with change in physical capacity. Time in zone 2 (RPE 5-6) was significantly associated with DVO 2 peak, %DVO 2 peak, DVO 2 peak/kg and %DVO 2 peak/kg. Conclusion:Training at RPE 5-6 was the only determinant that was significantly associated with improvement in physical capacity. Additional controlled studies are necessary to demonstrate causality and gather more information about its usefulness, and optimal handcycle training regimes for recreationally active wheelchair users. ä IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATION Monitoring of handcycle training load is important to structure the training effort and intensity over time and to eventually optimize performance capacity. This is especially important for relatively untrained wheelchair users, who have a low physical capacity and a high risk of overuse injuries and shoulder pain. Training load can be easily calculated by multiplying the intensity of the training (RPE 0-10) with the duration of the training in minutes. Results on handcycle training at RPE 5-6 intensity in recreationally active wheelchair users suggests to be promising and should be further investigated with controlled studies.

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“…While the case studies of Abel et al and Zeller et al remain the only work in elite handcyclists, 6,24 de Groot et al did research the training load of ten trained athletes over a 12week period. 48 Athletes reported 5-47 training sessions with a mean intensity of 85 ± 20 W (PO peak : 159 ± 29 W) and 132 b min −1 (HR peak : 178 ± 12 b min −1 ). Furthermore, de Groot et al noted high correlations between external training load, 48 when calculated as a "Training Stress Score," 66 and internal training load using session RPE and HR training impulse methods.…”

Section: Training Monitoringmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…48 Athletes reported 5-47 training sessions with a mean intensity of 85 ± 20 W (PO peak : 159 ± 29 W) and 132 b min −1 (HR peak : 178 ± 12 b min −1 ). Furthermore, de Groot et al noted high correlations between external training load, 48 when calculated as a "Training Stress Score," 66 and internal training load using session RPE and HR training impulse methods. This adds to the work of Goosey-Tolfrey et al who also found RPE to be a valid means for monitoring handcycling training intensity.…”

Section: Training Monitoringmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiology of handcycling: A current sports perspective

Stephenson

Stone

Mason

et al. 2020

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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Handcycling is a mode of mobility, and sport format within Para‐cycling, for those with a lower limb impairment. The exercise modality has been researched extensively in the rehabilitation setting. However, there is an emerging body of evidence detailing the physiological responses to handcycling in the competitive sport domain. Competitive handcyclists utilize equipment that is vastly disparate to that used for rehabilitation or recreation. Furthermore, the transferability of findings from early handcycling research to current international athletes regarding physiological profiles is severely limited. This narrative review aims to map the landscape within handcycling research and document the growing interest at the elite end of the exercise spectrum. From 58 experimental/case studies and four doctoral theses, we provide accounts of the aerobic capacity of handcyclists and the influence training status plays; present research regarding the physiological responses to handcycling performance, including tests of sprint performance; and discuss the finite information on handcyclists’ training habits and efficacy of bespoke interventions. Furthermore, given the wide variety of protocols employed and participants recruited previously, we present considerations for the interpretation of existing research and recommendations for future work, all with a focus on competitive sport. The majority of studies (n = 21) reported aerobic capacity, detailing peak rates of oxygen uptake and power output, with values >3.0 L min−1 and 240 W shown in trained, male H3‐H4 classification athletes. Knowledge, though, is lacking for other classifications and female athletes. Similarly, little research is available concerning sprint performance with only one from eight studies recruiting athletes with an impairment.

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Relationships between internal and external handcycle training load in people with spinal cord injury training for the handbikebattle

Cited by 16 publications

References 32 publications

Biophysical aspects of handcycling performance in rehabilitation, daily life and recreational sports; a narrative review

Biophysical aspects of handcycling performance in rehabilitation, daily life and recreational sports; a narrative review

Training for the HandbikeBattle: an explorative analysis of training load and handcycling physical capacity in recreationally active wheelchair users

Physiology of handcycling: A current sports perspective

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