“…A positive relationship between a male's mating success and his paternity share, which would be expected to reinforce sexual selection on male mating success (14), has been found in several species, including junglefowl, Gallus gallus, guppies, Poecila reticulata, and fruit flies, Drosophila melanogaster (10,(29)(30)(31)(32). In other taxa, however, this relationship may be negative (33)(34)(35), indicating that precopulatory and postcopulatory episodes represent alternative pathways to male reproductive success, thereby creating opportunities for alternative male mating tactics. Finally, in other species, episodes of precopulatory and postcopulatory sexual selection are largely independent (17,36,37).…”