Relationships of stroke rate, distance per stroke, and velocity in competitive swimming

Craig, Albert B.; PENDEEGAST, DAVID R.

doi:10.1249/00005768-197901130-00011

Cited by 244 publications

(309 citation statements)

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“…The Olympic swimmers had longer stroke length than the National-standard swimmers, confirming data reported by others (East, 1970;Craig and Pendergast, 1979;Craig et al, 1985; Thomson et al, 2000). Stroke length has been interpreted as an index of high propulsive effectiveness (Wakayoshi et al, 1993(Wakayoshi et al, , 1995 resulting from greater propulsive force generated by the arms and legs (higher peak force) (Chollet et al, 2004) Conversely, at the end of the race, the swimmer increases propulsion by increasing stroke rate.…”

Section: Stroke Length and Stroke Rate: Between-group Comparisonssupporting

confidence: 84%

Kinematic measures and stroke rate variability in elite female 200-m swimmers in the four swimming techniques: Athens 2004 Olympic semi-finalists and French National 2004 Championship semi-finalists

Hellard

Dekerle

Avalos

et al. 2008

Journal of Sports Sciences

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Section: Stroke Length and Stroke Rate: Between-group Comparisonssupporting

confidence: 84%

Kinematic measures and stroke rate variability in elite female 200-m swimmers in the four swimming techniques: Athens 2004 Olympic semi-finalists and French National 2004 Championship semi-finalists

Hellard

Dekerle

Avalos

et al. 2008

Journal of Sports Sciences

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“…Additionally, the turning technique required for each style must remain as described by the stroke rules of the style. Depending on the different swimming style, different stroke rates and speeds were found, showing the reliance on biomechanical techniques and skills in swimming (Bongard, McDermott, Dallal, & Schaefer, 2007;Craig & Pendergast, 1979). It can be assumed that training in four styles with different turning techniques requires more time and therefore swimmers may reach peak swim speed at older ages in medley compared to freestyle, which is in accordance with the age of the current male world record holders (i.e.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 52%

Age of peak swim speed and sex difference in performance in medley and freestyle swimming – a comparison between 200 m and 400 m in Swiss elite swimmers

Vaso¹,

Knechtle²,

Rüst³

et al. 2013

JHSE

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Vaso, M., Knechtle, B., Rüst, C.A., Rosemann, T. & Lepers, R. (2013). Age of peak swim speed and sex difference in performance in medley and freestyle swimming -A comparison between 200 m and 400 m in Swiss elite swimmers. J. Hum. Sport Exerc., 8(3), pp.954-965. The aims of the present study were to examine (i) the age of peak swim speed and (ii) the sex difference in peak swim times in 200m and 400m medley versus freestyle. Swim times and ages of 5,524 swimmers (2,785 males and 2,739 females) from the Swiss high score list from 2006 to 2010 were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The age of peak swim speed was younger for females (~20-21 years) compared to males (~22-25 years) for both distances and both swimming styles. The sex differences in peak swim times for age group 10-39 years were 9.7% (SD=3.4) and 7.1% (SD=5.1) for 200m and 400m individual medley, and 10.1% (SD=5.0) and 6.1% (SD=4.0) for 200m and 400m freestyle, respectively. The sex differences were neither different between the two distances nor between the two disciplines (p > .05). There were no differences within each sex (i.e. females to females, and males to males) in the age of reaching peak swim speed in 200m and 400m individual medley and freestyle. However, females reached the peak swim speed at a younger age than males. The sex differences in peak swim times were similar for 200m than for 400m for both swim styles. To summarize, the present findings suggest no difference in the age of peak swim times in 200m and 400m individual medley and freestyle. However, females reached peak swim times earlier than males, which might be dependent on a different development of the genders in puberty and the related physiological and anthropometric factors. Sex differences in peak swim times were similar for 200m than for 400m for both swim styles.

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“…Pioneering studies have used the swimming final time or velocity based on the total final time by the swimming distance ratio for stroke parameters determination (SR and SL) (13)(14) , a procedure which considers the influence of the exits and laps impulse at each swimming segment. In order to calculate the SR, SL and SI in the present study, we used the clean swimming velocity (with no influence of the exits and laps impulse).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been demonstrated that the dislocation velocity in swimming is the product of the stroke rate (SR) by the stroke length (SL) and variations in the swimming velocity by training and lack of training mainly occur by modifications in SR and SL (13)(14) . For this reason, these variables have been the aim of studies on elite swimming (13,15) , educational status (16) , disabled subjects (17) and for technical analysis between swimmers and triathletes (18) .Costill et al (7) presented the stroke index (SI) as the product of the swimming velocity by the distance completed per stroke cycle, and found significant correlations among oxygen uptake (VO 2 ), swimming velocity and this variable. These authors demonstrate that the swimmer's energy cost in crawl depends on the technique of his/her stroke.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Validade do teste de 30 minutos (T-30) na determinação da capacidade aeróbia, parâmetros de braçada e performance aeróbia de nadadores treinados

Deminice

Papoti

Zagatto

et al. 2007

Rev Bras Med Esporte

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tion of the aerobic training intensity (5)(6) and performance prediction of long distance events (2) . However, the determination of the anaerobic threshold using the blood lactate concentration needs specific equipment and has a financial acquisition and operational cost, which is not possible for most swimming teams in Brazil. Moreover, it consists of an invasive test which requires care with hygiene and safety (2) , limiting thus, its use in most clubs and fitness centers. Therefore, many researchers try to make less costly and of easy application assessment protocols available, which also precisely and reliably evaluate and monitor training (1)(2)(6)(7) .Olbrecht et al. (6) have developed the T-30 test, which consists in moving the longest distance in 30 minutes at regular rhythm from beginning to end of the test. The mean velocity of the T-30 test (VT-30) has been highly correlated with the anaerobic velocity threshold (6,(8)(9)(10)(11) and with swimming performance (12) , which is non-invasive and of easy application.Nevertheless, the swimming mechanics also plays a crucial role in the myriad of determinant factors of swimming performance and should be considered in the assessments. It has been demonstrated that the dislocation velocity in swimming is the product of the stroke rate (SR) by the stroke length (SL) and variations in the swimming velocity by training and lack of training mainly occur by modifications in SR and SL (13)(14) . For this reason, these variables have been the aim of studies on elite swimming (13,15) , educational status (16) , disabled subjects (17) and for technical analysis between swimmers and triathletes (18) .Costill et al. (7) presented the stroke index (SI) as the product of the swimming velocity by the distance completed per stroke cycle, and found significant correlations among oxygen uptake (VO 2 ), swimming velocity and this variable. These authors demonstrate that the swimmer's energy cost in crawl depends on the technique of his/her stroke. Keskinen and Komi (19) demonstrated that the relationship between SR and SL is influenced by the increase of the effort intensity. When the swimming velocity is lower than the anaerobic threshold intensity, the swimmers are able to control the velocity and simultaneously keep the stroke length steady. However, when the effort is performed at intensities above the anaerobic threshold, a progressive reduction in SL is observed, this fact being relied on the development of local muscle fatigue. Dekerle et al. (8) highlighted that the swimmer should be able to choose the SR corresponding to the lowest energy cost during his event, suggesting hence a relationship between physiological and technical parameters in swimming. Langeani et al. (20) demonstrated the occurrence of increase and sudden decrease of SR and SL, respectively, following the lactacidemia behavior in progressive exercise.Thus, it was shown that dynamic lactate balance may be observed during extensive exercise at intensities corresponding to the Lan (6,21) ; hence, this ...

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Relationships of stroke rate, distance per stroke, and velocity in competitive swimming

Cited by 244 publications

References 0 publications

Kinematic measures and stroke rate variability in elite female 200-m swimmers in the four swimming techniques: Athens 2004 Olympic semi-finalists and French National 2004 Championship semi-finalists

Kinematic measures and stroke rate variability in elite female 200-m swimmers in the four swimming techniques: Athens 2004 Olympic semi-finalists and French National 2004 Championship semi-finalists

Age of peak swim speed and sex difference in performance in medley and freestyle swimming – a comparison between 200 m and 400 m in Swiss elite swimmers

Validade do teste de 30 minutos (T-30) na determinação da capacidade aeróbia, parâmetros de braçada e performance aeróbia de nadadores treinados

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