Relative Analgesic Potency of Epidural Fentanyl, Alfentanil, and Morphine in Treatment of Postoperative Pain

Side‐effects of epidural infusions of opioid bupivacaine mixtures

“…Most studies have given an opioid bolus and assessed the analgesic effect and the duration of action [3,4,7,9,14,[16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23]. From these data we calculated approximately equipotent 24-h dosages for each drug.…”

“…The patients often received opioids by more than one route in the perioperative period and observations on side-effects were, in many cases, retrospective [1,[3][4][5][6][7].…”

Bupivacaine 0.1% does not improve postoperative epidural fentanyl analgesia after abdominal or thoracic surgery

“…These findings are consistent with other studies using epidural fentanyl infusions. 6,7,13,19 The 0.1% concentration of epidural bupivacaine is probably insufficient to offer an advantage even in patients with postoperative visceral pain. Scott et al, 2~ and Hjortso et al 21 when using epidural infusions of 0.5% bupivacaine alone for postoperative analgesia following upper abdominal surgery needed rates similar to ours of 6-8 ml.…”

Fentanyl-Related Compounds and Derivatives: Current Status and Future Prospects for Pharmaceutical Applications

“…The duration of action at this dosage level of morphine appears to be greater than 1 h. The ED 50 and 95% limits for fentanyl citrate injections is calculated to be 0.08 (0.045–0.142) mg/kg, while for morphine it is 15 (12–20) mg/kg [55]. Data on the relative analgesic potency of fentanyl and other analgesics on humans have been discussed [56,57]. Detailed fentanyl pharmacology is described in a few reviews [58–60].…”