Relative frequency of albicans and the various non-albicans Candida spp among candidemia isolates from inpatients in various parts of the world: a systematic review

Abstract

Significant geographic variation is evident among cases of candidemia in different parts of the world. Local epidemiological data continue to be of major significance.

Contaminação por fungos antes e após limpeza e desinfecção de colchões hospitalares

“…(15,21) Several countries have reported resistance problems of yeast species originated from the previous use of wide-range antimicrobials, such as the fluconazole. (12,20) Indeed, the extensive use of this drug has levered the rise of non-albicans species, an event registered here in the samples collected from the mattresses.…”

“…Therefore, Candida parapsilosis is usually spotted in the pediatric population, whereas the incidence of the Candida glabrata increases as age advances. (12,(14)(15)20) The Candida parapsilosis species is often found on the skin, and its transmission is predominantly exogenous, mainly by the hands of healthcare professionals. Its occurrence is also highly prevalent in children and premature newborns admitted in intensive care units.…”

“…(4,5) Nevertheless, the studies analyzed by the present research skipped fungi-based microbiota and focused only on the identification of bacterial groups (4)(5)(6)(8)(9)(10)(11) present on hospital mattresses, representing equally serious healthcare threats. (5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12) It must be highlighted that the number of fungi-based diseases has increased in past years. In this sense, fungi-based bloodstream infections (candidemia) have been deemed to be the fourth major cause of sepsis, according to data from the Nosocomial Infection Surveillance System.…”

“…The majority of these infections is said to be caused by yeast species of the Candida gender, thus resulting in a substantial increase in morbidity and mortality rates. (12) The incidence of candidemia has enhanced throughout the last two decades in several parts of the world and in distinct healthcare environments, mainly due to an expansion in the use of aggressive therapeutic practices, such as the use of intensive chemotherapies toward treating hematologic malignancies, transplants and admittance to intensive care units (ICU); in lesser extent, there is also the application of immunosuppressors toward treating autoimmune diseases, among others, and even toward the lengthening of life, thus generating a previously nonexistent population of immunocompromised individuals. (12) The high turnover of hospital beds may sometimes compromise the efficient execution of standard disinfection protocols.…”

“…(12) The incidence of candidemia has enhanced throughout the last two decades in several parts of the world and in distinct healthcare environments, mainly due to an expansion in the use of aggressive therapeutic practices, such as the use of intensive chemotherapies toward treating hematologic malignancies, transplants and admittance to intensive care units (ICU); in lesser extent, there is also the application of immunosuppressors toward treating autoimmune diseases, among others, and even toward the lengthening of life, thus generating a previously nonexistent population of immunocompromised individuals. (12) The high turnover of hospital beds may sometimes compromise the efficient execution of standard disinfection protocols. In this sense, a frequent microbiologic investigation process must become an assessment practice of the quality of services, aiming to detect nonconformities and enabling the correction of processes that can minimize the occurrence of hospital-based infections.…”