“…In partnership with national agricultural research systems (NARS) and universities, icipe implemented the biological control (BC) of stemborers through different projects by releasing natural enemies in the major maize and sorghum producing areas in East and Southern Africa . Following the introduction of natural enemies, post-release surveys and studies were carried out, reporting establishment, acceptable levels of parasitism and decrease in stemborer densities (Bonhof et al, 1997;Cugala and Omwega, 2001;Cugala et al, 2006;Emana et al, 2002;Jiang et al, 2006Jiang et al, , 2008Odendo et al, 2003;Omwega et al, 1997Omwega et al, , 2006Seshu Reddy, 1998;Sohati et al, 2001;Songa et al, 2001;Zhou et al, 2001). Almost all the studies emphasized the first biological control agent that was released, Cotesia flavipes (Cameron) and focused on its short-term assessment (10 years after release), but economic assessments on the real social advantage were not carried out.…”