Release, Establishment and Spread of Asian Natural Enemies of Euonymus Scale (Homoptera: Diaspididae) in New England

Driesche, Roy G. Van; Idoine, Karen; Rose, Mike; Bryan, Mike

doi:10.2307/3495990

Cited by 20 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…They were found more frequently at sites with heavy scale infestation and less frequently at sites with low euonymus scale infestation. A similar observation was recorded by Van Driesche et al (1998b) for C. kuwanae. Also, we did not Þnd any signiÞcant association between the levels of scale infestation and the location of shrubs in landscape.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

“…Scale infestation categories were assessed based on a method similar to that described by Van Driesche et al (1998b): none infested, if close inspection of shrubs failed to reveal any scales; low infestation, if the shrubs examined from 1 m away appear uninfested, but close inspection of underside of leaves reveals the presence of scattered mature male scales and few females; moderate infestation, if the shrub is visibly infested in casual inspection, but scales do not encrust stems and dieback of branches is not noticed; and heavy infestation, if the infestation is immediately visible from a distance, scales densely encrust stems, and leaves and dieback of branches is predominant.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…diaspidicola (Silvestri) and C. sp.nr. fulvus (Compere et Annecke) were recovered from a few release sites, whereas A. proclia (Walker) has not been reported to be established in Massachusetts (Van Driesche et al 1998b).…”

mentioning

confidence: 90%

“…nipponicus EnrodyYounga, in the northeastern United States (Drea and Carlson 1987, Drea and Hendrickson 1988, Hendrickson et al 1991. From 1991 to 1994, these two beetles and three aphelinid parasitoids species were imported from China and introduced in southern New England by the USDA/APHIS National Biological Control Laboratory in Niles, MI, Texas A&M University, and the University of Massachusetts (Van Driesche et al 1998b). C. kuwanae and C. sp.nr.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Distribution of Natural Enemies of Euonymus Scale,Unaspis euonymi(Comstock) (Homoptera: Diaspididae), in New Jersey

Matadha¹,

Hamilton²,

Hughes³

et al. 2003

Environ Entomol

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 90%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Distribution of Natural Enemies of Euonymus Scale,Unaspis euonymi(Comstock) (Homoptera: Diaspididae), in New Jersey

Matadha¹,

Hamilton²,

Hughes³

et al. 2003

Environ Entomol

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“…It has been noted that the incidence of its natural enemies is rather low, so C. kuwanae has been introduced into various countries (e.g. USA, France, Israel, Italy) for biological control of U. euonymi with various outcomes (Benassy, 1977;Drea & Carlson, 1987;Hendrickson et al, 1991;Ricci et al, 1991;Nalepa et al, 1993;Lambdin, 1995;Driesche et al, 1998a;Driesche & Nunn, 2003). In Central Italy C. kuwanae was established at some release sites, and the species was observed to spread to other habitats on wild spindle and E. japonicus hedges (Primavera & Ricci, 1994).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of low temperatures on Chilocorus kuwanae (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) trophic activity

Ricci

Primavera²,

Negri³

2006

Eur. J. Entomol.

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Abstract. Chilocorus kuwanae Silvestri is an effective predator of Unaspis euonymi (Comstock), a scale insect harmful to spindle trees (Euonymus europeus L. and E. japonicus Thumb). The feeding behaviour was studied on wild adults, collected from spindle trees in the Botanic Garden of Perugia University, and fed on overwintering U. euonymi females. The insects were exposed to gradually changing constant temperatures (13° 10° 8° 6° 4° 2° 13° 15°C) for a ten day period at each temperature. C. kuwanae adults preyed on the scale also at low temperatures. The number of scales eaten decreased with decreasing temperatures from the initial 13°C to 4°C, and at 2°C the trophic activity of C. kuwanae adults almost stopped although they made brief walks in the petri dishes. At all tested temperatures the ladybirds made holes in or lifted the scale cover and preyed on the female. Sometimes they lifted the scale cover , but did not prey on these U. euonymi females which were destined to die from cold. As the temperature dropped from 13°C to 4°C, the number of females eaten by ladybird males and females did not differ statistically. When the temperature was raised to 13°C and 15°C, the ladybirds resumed feeding. Large differences were recorded between sexes, with females showing a much higher feeding activity than males. Scale cover lifting was most frequent at the beginning of the experiment and then decreased with diminishing temperatures, although no significant difference was recorded among temperatures within the range from 10°C to 4°C. The threshold for trophic activity can be taken as 2°C since we noted that a few (12%) individuals on one day showed predatory activity. At 13°C and 15°C lifting activity rose again but remained at a lower level than at the initial exposure to 13°C. There was no significant difference in activity at 13 and 15°C upon raising the temperature. As for total number of U. euonymi damaged by C. kuwanae the trend in damage revealed the same pattern as for number of scales eaten. At the final exposure to 15°C, 60% of C. kuwanae females laid eggs. Our data demonstrate that C. kuwanae can reduce U. euonymi populations in a submediterranean environment even in winter when the range of temperatures is similar to that tested in this experiment.

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Evaluation of the Effectiveness ofChilocorus kuwanae(Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in Suppressing Euonymus Scale (Homoptera: Diaspididae)

et al. 1998

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Release, Establishment and Spread of Asian Natural Enemies of Euonymus Scale (Homoptera: Diaspididae) in New England

Cited by 20 publications

References 12 publications

Distribution of Natural Enemies of Euonymus Scale,Unaspis euonymi(Comstock) (Homoptera: Diaspididae), in New Jersey

Distribution of Natural Enemies of Euonymus Scale,Unaspis euonymi(Comstock) (Homoptera: Diaspididae), in New Jersey

Effects of low temperatures on Chilocorus kuwanae (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) trophic activity

Evaluation of the Effectiveness ofChilocorus kuwanae(Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in Suppressing Euonymus Scale (Homoptera: Diaspididae)

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