Release of Additives and Monomers from Plastic Wastes

Kwan, Charita S.; Takada, Hideshige

doi:10.1007/698_2016_122

Cited by 29 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…This corresponds to ~1% of the volume of wastewater discharged into the Tamagawa River from STP-H (154,000 m 3 /day; Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, 2020). It has been reported that landfill leachate has an extremely high BPA concentration ranging from hundreds to millions ng/L and up to 7,900 × 10 3 ng/L (Sakamoto et al, 2004;Morin et al, 2015;Teuten et al, 2009;Kwan and Takada, 2019). For Japanese landfill sites, high BPA concentrations of up to 4,960 × 10 3 ng / L have been reported (Sakamoto et al, 2004).…”

Section: Spatial Pattern Of Edcs Occurrence In the Tamagawa Rivermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For Japanese landfill sites, high BPA concentrations of up to 4,960 × 10 3 ng / L have been reported (Sakamoto et al, 2004). They are derived from plastic additives (Sakamoto et al, 2004;Teuten et al, 2009), thermal paper (Goldinger et al, 2015, residual monomers (Sakamoto et al, 2007), or monomers generated by the degradation of polycarbonates and epoxy resin (Teuten et al, 2009;Kwan and Takada, 2019). Leachate is treated at the landfill site treatment facilities and further treated at the STPs.…”

Section: Spatial Pattern Of Edcs Occurrence In the Tamagawa Rivermentioning

confidence: 99%

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Monitoring of phenolic endocrine disrupting chemicals by direct acetylation method: Pollution status in Tokyo rivers in 2016–2019 and estimation of their sources

GOMI

Mizukawa

Takada

2022

EMCR

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To analyze a wide range of phenolic endocrine disrupting chemicals, including alkylphenols, bisphenol A (BPA) and its analogues, triclosan (TCS), thymol, and phenolic UV filters, a direct acetylation method has been developed and applied to 116 river water samples and 40 sewage treatment plant (STP) effluent samples collected in 2016 -2019 in Tokyo, Japan. This method can simultaneously derivatize a range of target chemicals to inert acetylates at an early stage in the analytical procedure. In this study, nonylphenol concentrations in the Tamagawa River (median 5.7 ng/L) and the Sumidagawa River (median 13.4 ng / L) were one order of magnitude lower than those 20 years ago. Similarly, the TCS and BPA concentrations (median 27.0 ng / L and 11.0 ng / L, respectively) decreased by ~80% compared to the values obtained in studies conducted ~20 years ago. These decreases can be attributed to reduced production due to the establishment of environmental standards and industrial self-regulation. Most target chemicals had higher concentrations in the STP effluents than in river water, indicating that STP effluents are major sources of the chemicals. However, BPA in the Tamagawa River exhibited a different spatial pattern. Namely, BPA concentrations in the STP effluents (~5 ng/L) in the middle and lower reaches were lower than those in the receiving water (~15 ng / L). Meanwhile, effluents from two upstream STPs had extremely high BPA concentrations of up to 158 ng / L, revealing effluents from these STPs as major sources of BPA in the Tamagawa River. There are several landfills in the upstream STP catchment area, and their leachate is likely to contribute to the high concentrations of BPA in the STP effluents and river water. This is consistent with the composition of BPA and its alternatives, including BPAP, BPZ, BPS, BPB, BPE, BPF, BPAF, in the effluents from the STPs. The upstream STPs showed a predominance of BPA, whereas the alternatives, such as BPS and BPF, were dominant in the STPs in the middle and lower reaches. The compositional difference can be ascribed to the recent replacement of BPA with alternatives and BPA leaching from plastic products dumped in the 1980s and 1990s.

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Section: Spatial Pattern Of Edcs Occurrence In the Tamagawa Rivermentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Spatial Pattern Of Edcs Occurrence In the Tamagawa Rivermentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring of phenolic endocrine disrupting chemicals by direct acetylation method: Pollution status in Tokyo rivers in 2016–2019 and estimation of their sources

GOMI

Mizukawa

Takada

2022

EMCR

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“…The fragmentation and degradation of plastics may facilitate the release of additive chemicals, most of which are not covalently bound to the polymers, and are thus prone to be released into the environment (Kwan and Takada, 2016;Teuten et al, 2009). A prominent group of additives consist of metals ranked high with regard to human health hazards, as aluminium, chromium, cobalt, nickel, tin, and zinc (e.g.…”

Section: Additive Classificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The hidden threat of plastic leachates: A critical review on their impacts on aquatic organisms

2020

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Plastic products are made from the essential polymer mixed with a complex blend of substances including catalyst remnants, polymerization solvents, and a wide range of other additives deliberately added to enhance the desirable characteristics of the final product. Additives include bisphenols, phthalates, flame retardants, and further emerging and legacy contaminants. With a few exceptions, additives are not chemically bound to the polymer, and potentially migrate within the material reaching its surface, then possibly leach out to the environment. Leachates are mixtures of additives, some of which belong to the list of emerging contaminants, i.e. substances that show the potential to pose risks to the environment and human health, while are not yet regulated. The review discusses the state of the art and gaps concerning the hidden threat of plastic leachates. The focus is on reports addressing the biological impacts of plastic leachates as a whole mixture. Degradation of plastics, including the weathering-driven fragmentation, and the release of additives, are analysed together with the techniques currently employed for chemically screening leachates. Because marine plastic litter is a major concern, the review mainly focuses on the effects of plastic leachates on marine flora and fauna. Moreover, it also addresses impacts on freshwater organisms. Finally, research needs and perspectives are examined, to promote better focused investigations, that may support developing different plastic materials and new regulations.

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“…Furthermore, based on our studies on landfill sites [34,35], landfill leachates discharge toxic plastic-derived chemicals (additives, monomers, and oligomers) to rivers and groundwater. Extremely high concentrations of BPA, nonylphenol, and PBDEs were detected in landfill leachates from Asian countries [36]. Furthermore, landfilling of plastics with biodegradable organic wastes such as kitchen wastes would increase the toxicity of additives such as PBDEs by anaerobic reactions which are caused by the degradation of organic waste [35].…”

Section: Reduction Of Plastic Consumption: Key Solution To Human and Marine Plastic Pollutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Marine Plastic Pollution: Chemical Aspects and Possible Solutions

Takada

Koro

Kwan

2021

Current Topics in Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine

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Plastics are formed from C-C single bonds which are flexible making them easily transformable. Thus, plastics have been widely utilized by the global society. However, the C-C single bond is easily breakable by UV radiation. Eventually, plastics are fragmented into microplastics (<5 mm) and ultimately will be washed off to marine environments. Microplastics are ubiquitously dispersed in marine environments, i.e., surface water, beaches, and bottom sediments. Plastics and microplastics are taken up and ingested by various marine organisms ranging from zooplanktons to whales. Concentrations of microplastics in urban coastal waters are considered to be critical in terms of particle toxicity. In marine environments, plastics retain hydrophobic additives and concentrate persistent organic pollutants (POPs) from surrounding waters. Recent field observations and exposure experiments demonstrated that microplastics accelerate indirect exposure of endocrine-disrupting additives to humans, through fragmentation of plastics, their ingestion by marine organisms, leaching of the additives to digestive fluids and their bioaccumulation and trophic transfer. The additives have the potential to disrupt endocrine and immune systems of humans. As a precautionary action, usage and consumption of plastics in our society should be reduced to protect human health. Reduction of plastic consumption is also deduced from the view of mitigating the impacts of global warming, resource efficiency, and sound waste management.

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Release of Additives and Monomers from Plastic Wastes

Cited by 29 publications

References 48 publications

Monitoring of phenolic endocrine disrupting chemicals by direct acetylation method: Pollution status in Tokyo rivers in 2016–2019 and estimation of their sources

Monitoring of phenolic endocrine disrupting chemicals by direct acetylation method: Pollution status in Tokyo rivers in 2016–2019 and estimation of their sources

The hidden threat of plastic leachates: A critical review on their impacts on aquatic organisms

Marine Plastic Pollution: Chemical Aspects and Possible Solutions

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