“…PI3K is an intracellular phosphatidylinositol kinase. When stimulated by stress signals, especially oxidative stress (Y. Zhang et al, 2021), PI3K is activated to produce the second messenger phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5‐trisphosphate (PIP3), and the PIP3 leads to the activation of AKT, which activates the downstream molecules Bcl‐2, Caspase 9, RIP1, MLKL, and so forth, and thus regulating cell proliferation, apoptosis, and necroptosis (Sabnam & Pal, 2019; J. Zhang et al, 2020). Particularly, BPA has shown apoptosis and necroptosis in chicken bursa through regulating oxidative stress and PI3K/AKT signaling pathway (L. Liu et al, 2021), and BPA caused apoptosis in pubertal SD rats testes and reproductive system via regulation of ROS/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway (Quan, Wang, Duan, Huang, Chen, et al, 2017; Quan, Wang, Duan, Huang, & Yang, 2017).…”