Relevance of immune cell and tumor microenvironment imaging in the new era of immunotherapy

Galli, Filippo; Aguilera, Jesus Vera; Palermo, Belinda; Markovic, Svetomir N.; Nisticò, Paola; Signore, Alberto

doi:10.1186/s13046-020-01586-y

Cited by 207 publications

(162 citation statements)

References 176 publications

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“…A tumor is not only a mass of transformed cells, but a “new organ” composed of various non-malignant cells that may constitute a large proportion of the tumor mass. Among these cells are, namely, vascular endothelial cells, fibroblasts, adipocytes, pericytes, and the main players—immune cells [ 17 ]. There are no conclusive data indicating what dose of radiation induces or suppresses the anti-cancer immune response.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brachytherapy in a Single Dose of 10Gy as an “in situ” Vaccination

Jarosz-Biej

Smolarczyk

Cichoń

et al. 2020

IJMS

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Radiotherapy (RT) is one of the major methods of cancer treatment. RT destroys cancer cells, but also affects the tumor microenvironment (TME). The delicate balance between immunomodulation processes in TME is dependent, among other things, on a specific radiation dose. Despite many studies, the optimal dose has not been clearly determined. Here, we demonstrate that brachytherapy (contact radiotherapy) inhibits melanoma tumor growth in a dose-dependent manner. Doses of 10Gy and 15Gy cause the most effective tumor growth inhibition compared to the control group. Brachytherapy, at a single dose of ≥ 5Gy, resulted in reduced tumor blood vessel density. Only a dose of 10Gy had the greatest impact on changes in the levels of tumor-infiltrating immune cells. It most effectively reduced the accumulation of protumorogenic M2 tumor-associated macrophages and increased the infiltration of cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocytes. To summarize, more knowledge about the effects of irradiation doses in anticancer therapy is needed. It may help in the optimization of RT treatment. Our results indicate that a single dose of 10Gy leads to the development of a robust immune response. It seems that it is able to convert a tumor microenvironment into an “in situ” vaccine and lead to a significant inhibition of tumor growth.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brachytherapy in a Single Dose of 10Gy as an “in situ” Vaccination

Jarosz-Biej

Smolarczyk

Cichoń

et al. 2020

IJMS

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“…It is certain that T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, natural killer cells, dendritic cells, monocytes, macrophages and neutrophil granulocytes are key instruments in the immune response and tumor progression [16]. In our analysis, the negative correlation of CD57 (ρ = −0.69) with SCC is likely related to the fact that natural killer cells play a major role in the elimination phase [17], whereas the high CD4+ expression in SCC supports the evidence that CD4+ T cells "are a critical cornerstone of optimal anti-tumor immunity" [18].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunohistochemical Differences in Squamous Precancerous and Cancerous Lesions of the Oral Cavity and the Larynx: Preliminary Data

et al. 2021

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The aim of this study is to assess immune cell populations in squamous precancerous (preinvasive) and cancerous lesions of the oral cavity and larynx. Qualitative and quantitative immunohistochemical analyses were performed to determine the expressions of CD4, CD8, CD15, CD57 and CD68. The expressions of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), p16 and Ki67 were also assessed. Squamous cell lesions from forty-one patients were included in the study. Sixteen samples were categorized as precancerous (preinvasive) lesions and twenty-five as invasive squamous cell carcinoma. Invasive lesions showed a negative correlation with CD57+ cells (ρ = −0.69) and a positive correlation with Ki67 (ρ = 0.61). The amount of CD4+ lymphocytes was higher in invasive lesions. There were no differences in PD-L1 and p16 immunoreactivity. Our analysis showed differences in the immunohistochemical profile between preinvasive and invasive squamous cell lesions. In the near future, this study should be useful in driving treatment strategy in both preinvasive and invasive squamous cell lesions of the oral cavity and larynx. However, studies on larger series of patients focusing on site-specific lesions are required.

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“…Infiltration of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are observed in different types of cancer including OC and has been significantly correlated with patient outcome (reviewed by [139]). The anti-tumor response or the tumor promoting response of these infiltrating immune cells is critically determined by the tumor microenvironment that constitute cytokines, chemokines, antigens and costimulatory molecules [49]. These immune cells can recognize specific antigens present on the surface of tumor cell and induce anti-tumor response [192].…”

Section: Covid-19 Mrna Vaccine Inflammation and Effects On Ovarian Cmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comorbidities and inflammation associated with ovarian cancer and its influence on SARS-CoV-2 infection

et al. 2021

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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) worldwide is a major public health concern. Cancer patients are considered a vulnerable population to SARS-CoV-2 infection and may develop several COVID-19 symptoms. The heightened immunocompromised state, prolonged chronic pro-inflammatory milieu coupled with comorbid conditions are shared in both disease conditions and may influence patient outcome. Although ovarian cancer (OC) and COVID-19 are diseases of entirely different primary organs, both diseases share similar molecular and cellular characteristics in their microenvironment suggesting a potential cooperativity leading to poor outcome. In COVID-19 related cases, hospitalizations and deaths worldwide are lower in women than in males; however, comorbidities associated with OC may increase the COVID-19 risk in women. The women at the age of 50-60 years are at greater risk of developing OC as well as SARS-CoV-2 infection. Increased levels of gonadotropin and androgen, dysregulated renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), hyper-coagulation and chronic inflammation are common conditions observed among OC and severe cases of COVID-19. The upregulation of common inflammatory cytokines and chemokines such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, interferon-γ-inducible protein 10 (IP-10), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), among others in the sera of COVID-19 and OC subjects suggests potentially similar mechanism(s) involved in the hyper-inflammatory condition observed in both disease states. Thus, it is conceivable that the pathogenesis of OC may significantly contribute to the potential infection by SARS-CoV-2. Our understanding of the influence and mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection on OC is at an early stage and in this article, we review the underlying pathogenesis presented by various comorbidities of OC and correlate their influence on SARS-CoV-2 infection.

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Relevance of immune cell and tumor microenvironment imaging in the new era of immunotherapy

Cited by 207 publications

References 176 publications

Brachytherapy in a Single Dose of 10Gy as an “in situ” Vaccination

Brachytherapy in a Single Dose of 10Gy as an “in situ” Vaccination

Immunohistochemical Differences in Squamous Precancerous and Cancerous Lesions of the Oral Cavity and the Larynx: Preliminary Data

Comorbidities and inflammation associated with ovarian cancer and its influence on SARS-CoV-2 infection

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