Relevance of Water Temperature, Apparatus, and Age to Children's Pain during the Cold Pressor Task

Birnie, Kathryn A.; Parker, Jennifer A.; Chambers, Christine T.

doi:10.1111/papr.12257

Cited by 17 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 39 publications

(102 reference statements)

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“…Children's trait pain catastrophizing predicted self‐reported pain intensity and fear during the CPT, with greater levels of trait pain catastrophizing associated with increased pain and fear. Additionally, similar to previous research, child age was a significant predictor of child pain tolerance, with older children keeping their hand in the water for longer. Overall, the results of the present study highlight the importance of considering individual characteristics in understanding the experience of pain and that these differences may make an individual more or less susceptible to experiencing increased anxiety in the context of receiving information about the pain experience.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

“…Third, children in the current study ranged in age from 8 to 14 years, thereby spanning the developmental periods of late childhood to early adolescence. Recent research revealed differences in pain responses to the CPT as a function of child age and sex differences in pain outcomes that emerge in early adolescence around the onset of puberty, highlighting critical developmental changes that may be occurring across the age span of the present study. The importance of examining developmental differences in pain catastrophizing and parent responses to child pain has been highlighted in the literature.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 79%

“…Additionally as described below, age was a significant predictor of pain tolerance in the present study. Given that age was evenly distributed across the experimental groups, it is possible that age‐specific effects were stronger in predicting pain tolerance than any impact of the experimental manipulation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Impact of Threat Level, Task Instruction, and Individual Characteristics on Cold Pressor Pain and Fear among Children and Their Parents

et al. 2015

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The cold pressor task (CPT) is increasingly used to induce experimental pain in children, but the specific methodology of the CPT is quite variable across pediatric studies. This study examined how subtle variations in CPT methodology (eg. provision of low‐ or high‐threat information regarding the task; provision or omission of maximum immersion time) may influence children's and parents' perceptions of the pain experience. Forty‐eight children (8 to 14 years) and their parents were randomly assigned to receive information about the CPT that varied on 2 dimensions, prior to completing the task: (i) threat level: high‐threat (task described as very painful, high pain expressions depicted) or low‐threat (standard CPT instructions provided, low pain expressions depicted); (ii) ceiling: informed (provided maximum immersion time) or uninformed (information about maximum immersion time omitted). Parents and children in the high‐threat condition expected greater child pain, and these children reported higher perceived threat of pain and state pain catastrophizing. For children in the low‐threat condition, an informed ceiling was associated with less state pain catastrophizing during the CPT. Pain intensity, tolerance, and fear during the CPT did not differ by experimental group, but were predicted by child characteristics. Findings suggest that provision of threatening information may impact anticipatory outcomes, but experienced pain was better explained by individual child variables.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 79%

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Impact of Threat Level, Task Instruction, and Individual Characteristics on Cold Pressor Pain and Fear among Children and Their Parents

et al. 2015

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“…A cold pressor test involving hand immersion into 0–10°C water is often used in psychology experiments to induce pain in adults and children. 52 Not surprisingly, hand immersion in 5°C water led to greater discomfort than with 8, 10, or 15°C, though no differences were observed across the 3 warmer conditions (see Fig. 2 ).…”

Section: Perceptual Responsesmentioning

confidence: 77%

Responses of the hands and feet to cold exposure

Cheung

2015

Temperature

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An initial response to whole-body or local exposure of the extremities to cold is a strong vasoconstriction, leading to a rapid decrease in hand and foot temperature. This impairs tactile sensitivity, manual dexterity, and muscle contractile characteristics while increasing pain and sympathetic drive, decreasing gross motor function, occupational performance, and survival. A paradoxical and cyclical vasodilatation often occurs in the fingers, toes, and face, and this has been termed the hunting response or cold-induced vasodilatation (CIVD). Despite being described almost a century ago, the mechanisms of CIVD are still disputed; research in this area has remained largely descriptive in nature. Recent research into CIVD has brought increased standardization of methodology along with new knowledge about the impact of mediating factors such as hypoxia and physical fitness. Increasing mechanistic analysis of CIVD has also emerged along with improved modeling and prediction of CIVD responses. The present review will survey work conducted during this century on CIVD, its potential mechanisms and modeling, and also the broader context of manual function in cold conditions.

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“…It is not clear whether this procedure actually models a threat or activates a homeostatic temperature-regulating mechanism, which would not correspond to stress. In addition to its use as a pain inducer, which would generate ambiguity regarding its true effect on the body (Lazarus, 1963), since this task has not only been used to study stress, but constitutes a protocol of great tradition for the study of pain and plays a crucial role in the understanding of its mechanisms, assessment and management (Birnie, Parker, & Chambers, 2016). This would confirm the approaches of the critics in relation to the ambiguity in the effects produced by this task, making it difficult to interpret the results of the studies that include it as a protocol for stress induction.…”

Section: Cold Pressor Taskmentioning

confidence: 99%

Activación emocional en sujetos humanos: procedimientos para la inducción experimental de estrés

Ferreira

2019

Psicol. USP

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Resumen El estudio de los efectos del estrés sobre la cognición y el comportamiento es un área de especial interés y desarrollo científico, tanto para la Psicología como para las Neurociencias. La inducción de estrés constituye un elemento fundamental en estos estudios, pues permite la manipulación de esta forma de activación emocional, como variable independiente, para observar su efecto sobre la conducta; no obstante, esta inducción debe ser suficiente para generar incrementos significativos en los niveles de cortisol y cumplir los estándares éticos establecidos para la experimentación con humanos. El presente artículo tiene como propósito aportar una revisión general sobre la activación emocional, para profundizar en el conocimiento acerca de los procedimientos utilizados en la inducción experimental de estrés en sujetos humanos. Se concluye que se requiere el diseño de protocolos más eficaces, para lo cual, el uso de las simulaciones y otras herramientas tecnológicas puede ser de gran utilidad.

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Relevance of Water Temperature, Apparatus, and Age to Children's Pain during the Cold Pressor Task

Abstract: These results provide critically important information about water temperature, apparatus, and child age on CPT pain responding. It informs design of future CPT studies and directs consideration of methodological variability and child age when interpreting study findings.

Cited by 17 publications

References 39 publications

Impact of Threat Level, Task Instruction, and Individual Characteristics on Cold Pressor Pain and Fear among Children and Their Parents

Impact of Threat Level, Task Instruction, and Individual Characteristics on Cold Pressor Pain and Fear among Children and Their Parents

Responses of the hands and feet to cold exposure

Activación emocional en sujetos humanos: procedimientos para la inducción experimental de estrés

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