Reliability and validity of the faces and word descriptor scales to measure procedural pain

Keck, James; Gerkensmeyer, Janis E.; Joyce, Betsy A.; Schade, Julia

doi:10.1016/s0882-5963(96)80081-9

Cited by 175 publications

(86 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The oral cavity (mouth swab) collection technique involved blind sampling of the subject's mouth, targeting the tongue and buccal mucosa. Each subject was asked to rate his/her pain with a validated age-appropriate pain scale after each swab collection (11).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnosis of Streptococcal Pharyngitis by Detection of Streptococcus pyogenes in Posterior Pharyngeal versus Oral Cavity Specimens

Fox¹,

Marcon

Bonsu³

2006

J Clin Microbiol

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Carbohydrate antigen detection, nucleic acid probe detection, and bacterial culture are commonly used to confirm group A streptococcus (GAS) pharyngitis. Compared to standard throat swab specimens, the sensitivities of these tests with mouth specimens are poor. When testing for GAS pharyngitis, the throat remains the optimum site for sampling.Streptococcus pyogenes (group A streptococcus [GAS]) causes approximately 15 to 30% of pediatric sore throats (1). Accurate diagnosis permits appropriate administration of antimicrobial therapy to prevent complications, hasten symptom resolution, and reduce the transmission of GAS in the community (7,12,13). Unfortunately, clinical evaluation and scoring systems cannot reliably identify patients with streptococcal pharyngitis, necessitating the utilization of laboratory tests (3, 6). While culture of GAS on sheep blood agar medium remains the gold standard for detection of GAS in throat swab specimens (2), newer and more rapid diagnostic tests, including direct carbohydrate antigen and nucleic acid probe detection, are now available.Current methods of GAS pharyngitis testing rely on swab specimens obtained from the posterior pharynx and tonsils. This convention is based on recommendations published by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA), which defines specimens obtained from these sites to be the only adequate samples to test for the presence of Streptococcus pyogenes (2). It should be noted, however, that these recommendations are based on two small studies performed more than 20 years ago that evaluated only 32 patients (4, 9). In this study, we investigate the use of newer techniques of rapid direct carbohydrate antigen and nucleic acid probe detection to identify GAS in samples obtained purposively from the oral cavities and posterior pharynges of pediatric patients with sore throats. This comparison is of practical significance because it is often difficult to obtain a well-collected posterior pharyngeal swab specimen from young children.This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Columbus Children's Hospital and conducted with informed consent between September 2004 and February 2005. Fiftythree patients presenting with a chief complaint of sore throat to the Children's Hospital emergency department were enrolled as study subjects. Subjects ranged from 3 to 18 years of age; the only exclusion criterion was prior tonsillectomy.Each subject underwent two swab collections with a doubleswab collection/transport system (COPAN Venturi Transystem; COPAN Diagnostics Inc., Corona, CA). The standard posterior pharyngeal (throat swab) collection technique involved vigorous swab sampling of the posterior pharynx and bilateral tonsillar tissue while avoiding contact with the tongue, buccal surfaces, and lips. The oral cavity (mouth swab) collection technique involved blind sampling of the subject's mouth, targeting the tongue and buccal mucosa. Each subject was asked to rate his/her pain with a validated age-appropriate pain scale after each swab col...

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnosis of Streptococcal Pharyngitis by Detection of Streptococcus pyogenes in Posterior Pharyngeal versus Oral Cavity Specimens

Fox¹,

Marcon

Bonsu³

2006

J Clin Microbiol

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“…The Face Scale developed by Wong-Baker shows a series of faces expressing 6 different levels of pain from <no pain> (0) to <extreme pain> (5) [26]. The scale has been shown to have sufficient reliability and validity [27]. Its Japanese version has also been proven to have sufficient concurrent validity and reliability based on re-test results [28].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pain-Relieving Effect of Music on Preschoolers during Immunization: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Shiroshita¹,

Muraki²,

Kamei³

et al. 2018

Health

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Background: Immunization is a medical procedure many children frequently undergo. As it involves pain, it is important to develop effective pain relief methods that are applicable from infancy. Objective: To clarify the pain-relieving effect of music from speakers on preschoolers during immunization. Methods: A randomized controlled trial using sex-based stratified randomization was conducted at a Japanese pediatric clinic between October and December 2016, involving 48 preschoolers aged 5 -6. Among these, 25 listened to music ("Twinkle Twinkle Little Star" played by a music box) from speakers before, during, and after influenza immunization (Music group), while the other 23 were not treated with musical intervention (Control group), with the following outcomes: primary: the Face Scale score; and secondary: the heart rate (HR) and oxygen saturation (SpO 2 ) and salivary alpha amylase (sAA) levels. Results: The Face Scale score and HR of the Control group immediately after influenza immunization were significantly higher than their baseline values (P < 0.0001, P < 0.05). There were no significant differences between the Music and Control groups in the Face Scale score, HR, or SpO 2 level immediately after influenza immunization or in the sAA level 10 minutes after it. Conclusion: Influenza immunization was painful for preschoolers. When based on the Face Scale score, HR, SpO 2 and sAA levels as indices to measure immunization-related pain, music did not show pain-relieving effects.

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“…The six faces are rated on a scale from 0 to 5, and every face is described with verbal definition (e.g., 0 = very happy, 1 = hurts just a little bit, 2 = hurts a little bit more, 3 = hurts even more, 4 = hurts a whole lot, 5 = hurts as much as you can image) (McCaffery, 2002). Researchers found that high test-retest reliability and high validity of this scale on the paediatric patients (Keck, Gerkensmeyer, Joyce & Schade, 1996).…”

Section: 33wong-baker Faces Pain Rating Scalementioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Music Therapy on Anxiety and Pain Symptoms of Children With Cancer

Masarogulları

2017

PROSOC

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Although music therapy is well documented in medical settings, the effects of the music therapy has not been well established yet. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of the music therapy on anxiety, and pain symptoms of children with cancer. Participants (aged ranged 6-16) were randomly allocated to one of two music therapy groups: 1) earphones with classical music, no choice (n = 20) or 2) earphones with classical music, free choice (n = 20) and a control group (n = 20) (earphones without music). In all groups, children listened to music (or the white noise) for 10 minutes before the chemotherapy. All of the symptoms were measured before the music therapy, during the chemotherapy (after the music therapy), and after the chemotherapy. State Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAI-C), and Wong-Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale was used to measure the anxiety, and pain scores of the children. One-Way ANOVA and Mixed ANOVA analysis were used to analyse the effectiveness of the music. Results showed that the anxiety level of children decreased significantly in the music groups during and after the chemotherapy. However, music therapy did not affect the pain level of children

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Reliability and validity of the faces and word descriptor scales to measure procedural pain

Cited by 175 publications

References 11 publications

Diagnosis of Streptococcal Pharyngitis by Detection of Streptococcus pyogenes in Posterior Pharyngeal versus Oral Cavity Specimens

Diagnosis of Streptococcal Pharyngitis by Detection of Streptococcus pyogenes in Posterior Pharyngeal versus Oral Cavity Specimens

Pain-Relieving Effect of Music on Preschoolers during Immunization: A Randomized Controlled Trial

The Effects of Music Therapy on Anxiety and Pain Symptoms of Children With Cancer

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