Reliability of Non-Contact Infrared Thermometers for Fever Screening Under COVID-19

Lai, Fengchang; X, Li; Wang, Q; Luo, Yunbo; Wang, X; Huang, Xiner; Zhang, J; Peng, J; Wang, Q; Liu, Fan; Li, Wei; Huo, Junsheng; Liu, Tianjiao; Y, Li; Lin, Yuanhua; Yang, Xiao

doi:10.2147/rmhp.s357567

Cited by 14 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…The Hong Kong government’s threshold level for fever is 38 °C for IRTTs and 36.0 °C for NCFITs [ 40 ]. Lai et al and Chen et al suggested temperatures of 36.7 °C [ 41 ] and 36.0 °C [ 38 ], respectively, to screen for fever. Therefore, a well-designed cutoff point validation study is proposed, along with further studies on the influencing factors and limitations of the offset algorithm in the temperature measurement using NCFITs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical Accuracy of Non-Contact Forehead Infrared Thermometer Measurement in Children: An Observational Study

et al. 2022

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We evaluated the clinical reliability and utility of temperature measurements using no-contact forehead infrared thermometers (NCFITs) by comparing their temperature measurements with those obtained using infrared tympanic thermometers (IRTTs) in children. In this observational, prospective, and cross-sectional study, we enrolled 255 children (aged 1 month to 18 years) from the pediatric surgery ward at a tertiary medical center in Korea. The mean age of the children was 9.05 ± 5.39 years, and 54.9% were boys. The incidence rate of fever, defined as an IRTT reading of ≥38.0 °C, was 15.7%. The ICC coefficient for the assessment of agreement between temperatures recorded by the NCFIT and IRTT was 0.87, and the κ-coefficient was 0.83. The bias and 95% limits of agreement were 0.15 °C (−0.43 to 0.73). For an accurate diagnosis of fever (≥38 °C), the false-negative rate was much lower, but the false-positive rate was higher, especially in 6-year-old children. Therefore, NCFITs can be used to screen children for fever. However, a secondary check is required using another thermometer when the child’s temperature is >38 °C. NCFITs are proposed for screening but not for measuring the temperature. For the latter, an accurate and reliable thermometer shall be used.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical Accuracy of Non-Contact Forehead Infrared Thermometer Measurement in Children: An Observational Study

et al. 2022

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“…All investigators have mastered standardized operating procedures of NCITs and MATs (including body surface measurement sites and distance away from surface, ambient temperature measurement and data input) ( 27 ). The fever screening point is located at the entrance of the hospital, and the parking lot is outside the hospital.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In our previous preliminary study (27), we have calculated the theoretical optimal diagnostic threshold (the maximal sum of sensitivity and specificity) at each body surface site. For instance, when 37.4 • C at neck was used as fever threshold, the sensitivity of fever screening was 0.866 while the specificity was Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; NCITs, non-contact infrared thermometers; AUC, area under the curve; MATs, mercury axillary thermometers; ROC, curve receiver operating characteristic curve.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Optimal diagnostic fever thresholds using non-contact infrared thermometers under COVID-19

Fan

Liu

et al. 2022

Front. Public Health

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Fever screening is an effective method to detect infectors associated with different variants of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) based on the fact that most infectors with COVID-19 have fever symptoms. Non-contact infrared thermometers (NCITs) are widely used in fever screening. Nevertheless, authoritative data is lacking in defining “fever” at different body surface sites when using NCITs. The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal diagnostic threshold for fever screening using NICTs at different body surface sites, to improve the accuracy of fever screening and provide theoretical reference for healthcare policy. Participants (n = 1860) who were outpatients or emergency patients at Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital were recruited for this prospective investigation from March 1 to June 30, 2021. NCITs and mercury axillary thermometers were used to measure neck, temple, forehead and wrist temperatures of all participants. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to reflect the accuracy of NCITs. Linear correlation analysis was used to show the effect of age on body temperature. Multilinear regression analysis was used to explore the association between non-febrile participant's covariates and neck temperature. The mean age of participants was 3.45 ± 2.85 years for children and 28.56 ± 7.25 years for adults. In addition 1,304 (70.1%) participants were children (≤12), and 683 (36.7%) were male. The neck temperature exhibited the highest accuracy among the four sites. Further the optimal fever diagnostic thresholds of NCITs at the four body surface measurement sites were neck (36.75 °C, sensitivity: 0.993, specificity: 0.858); temple (36.55 °C, sensitivity: 0.974, specificity: 0.874); forehead (36.45 °C, sensitivity: 0.961, specificity: 0.813); and wrist (36.15 °C, sensitivity: 0.951, specificity: 0.434). Based on the findings of our study, we recommend 36.15, 36.45, 36.55, and 36.75 °C as the diagnostic thresholds of fever at the wrist, forehead, temple and neck, respectively. Among the four surface sites, neck temperature exhibited the highest accuracy.

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“…Such devices-particularly those that are small and adherent to the patients' body and do not require wired connectionscould be applicable in a wide range of clinical settings, including people with acute neurological diseases. In addition, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, there was a growing use of forehead temperature measurements in clinical settings as well [23][24][25].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel Non-Invasive Thermometer for Continuous Core Body Temperature: Comparison with Tympanic Temperature in an Acute Stroke Clinical Setting

Ajčević

Stella

Furlanis

et al. 2022

Sensors

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There is a growing research interest in wireless non-invasive solutions for core temperature estimation and their application in clinical settings. This study aimed to investigate the use of a novel wireless non-invasive heat flux-based thermometer in acute stroke patients admitted to a stroke unit and compare the measurements with the currently used infrared (IR) tympanic temperature readings. The study encompassed 30 acute ischemic stroke patients who underwent continuous measurement (Tcore) with the novel wearable non-invasive CORE device. Paired measurements of Tcore and tympanic temperature (Ttym) by using a standard IR-device were performed 3–5 times/day, yielding a total of 305 measurements. The predicted core temperatures (Tcore) were significantly correlated with Ttym (r = 0.89, p < 0.001). The comparison of the Tcore and Ttym measurements by Bland–Altman analysis showed a good agreement between them, with a low mean difference of 0.11 ± 0.34 °C, and no proportional bias was observed (B = −0.003, p = 0.923). The Tcore measurements correctly predicted the presence or absence of Ttym hyperthermia or fever in 94.1% and 97.4% of cases, respectively. Temperature monitoring with a novel wireless non-invasive heat flux-based thermometer could be a reliable alternative to the Ttym method for assessing core temperature in acute ischemic stroke patients.

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Reliability of Non-Contact Infrared Thermometers for Fever Screening Under COVID-19

Cited by 14 publications

References 48 publications

Clinical Accuracy of Non-Contact Forehead Infrared Thermometer Measurement in Children: An Observational Study

Clinical Accuracy of Non-Contact Forehead Infrared Thermometer Measurement in Children: An Observational Study

Optimal diagnostic fever thresholds using non-contact infrared thermometers under COVID-19

A Novel Non-Invasive Thermometer for Continuous Core Body Temperature: Comparison with Tympanic Temperature in an Acute Stroke Clinical Setting

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