Reliable Routing for Roadside to Vehicle Communications in Rural Areas

Abstract

Abstract-The demands for vehicular Internet access are proliferating. Access Points (APs) can be deployed along the roadside to provide wireless coverage and network access for mobile vehicles. However, high mobility may cause frequent link breakages, which will seriously impact Quality of Service (QoS). In this paper, we study reliable routing for Roadside to Vehicle (R2V) communications in rural areas where rough terrain poses additional challenges. We propose a novel routing protocol where the stationary APs play a key role in route maintenance. The protocol includes a prediction algorithm which can predict the lifetimes of wireless links with consideration for terrain effects, as well as routing algorithms which can find stable paths for packet forwarding based on the prediction. Simulation results based on OPNET Modeler and the rural roadways in the Yellowstone National Park show that the proposed protocol substantially outperforms existing ad-hoc routing protocols.Index Terms-Vehicular ad-hoc network, roadside to vehicle communication (R2V), routing, prediction, terrain, QoS.

Cross-layer cooperative routing for vehicular networks

“…In [7], the authors introduce the view of multipath to provide multiple link-disjoint paths between the source and destination for each application. In [20], roadside units perform route maintenance by replacing the new routing path which has longer lifetime. The lifetime of wireless link in a multihop network is predicted by mobility parameters such as speed, direction, and position.…”

“…Hence, in [7], Rongxi He et al introduce roadside units to be a virtual equivalent node, and find differentiated reliable routing paths between source and destination to establish reliability. In [20], Shen Wan et al propose a routing algorithm which finds stable routing paths to roadside units based on predicting link lifetime in rural areas.…”

Typhoon: Resource Sharing Protocol for Metropolitan Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

“…The major challenge in resource sharing is to find out a resource holder (i.e., vehicle which holds the resource), called lookup problem. In [7,11,12], road side units (RSUs) are used to play the role of directory server. Resource holders (vehicles which have the resources) leave their location information in RSUs.…”

Link Reliability Based Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

“…Such designs are not applicable to VANETs because of distinct mobility and topology characteristics of these networks. Recently, several papers have appeared that deal with reliable routing in VANETs [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27]. In [16] In [20], the same authors propose a movement prediction based routing (MOPR) in which each vehicle estimates the link stability, a measure of link lifetime, for each neighbouring vehicle before selecting the next hop for data forwarding.…”