Remediation of RDX-Contaminated Water Using Alkaline Hydrolysis

Hwang, Sangchul; Felt, Deborah R.; Bouwer, Edward J.; Brooks, Michael C.; Larson, Steven L.; Davis, Jeffrey L.

doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(2006)132:2(256)

Cited by 30 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Note that 40 lM RDX was the starting concentration in the strictly abiotic series, and that 60 lM RDX was the starting concentration in both series with cells Table 1 Nitrogen and carbon mass balance (%) at the final sampling point during RDX reduction and metabolite production by abiotic, biological, and mixed abiotic-biological pathways at pH 6.8, 7.9, and 9.2 RDX & degradation products 16.1 ± 0.3 0.6 ± 0.0 4.0 ± 0.1 8.0 ± 0.2 0.3 ± 0.0 HCHO n/a a n/a n/a 51.7 ± 0.6 81.9 ± 1.7 26.4 ± 0.2 n/a n/a n/a 11.6 ± 0.8 41.5 ± 1.3 45.1 ± 1.6 N 2 O 3.9 ± 0.1 4.4 ± 0.2 0 ± 0 n/a n/a n/a 0.3 ± 0.3 17.0 ± 0.9 21.7 ± 1.1 n/a n/a n/a NO 2 -29.7 ± 1.1 5.6 ± 2.4 5.1 ± 0.8 n/a n/a n/a 0.3 ± 0.5 0 ± 0 0± 0 n/a n/a n/a NH 4 + 7.4 ± 0.3 5.4 ± 0.6 4.2 ± 1.0 n/a n/a n/a 20.2 ± 1.3 42.4 ± 0.6 30.1 ± 10.3 n/a n/a n/a CH 3 OH n/a n/a n/a 0 ± 0 0± 0 0± 0 n/a n/a n/a 3.6 ± 0.1 0 ± 0 0± 0 14 CO 2 n/a n/a n/a 0 ± 0 0± 0 0± 0 n/a n/a n/a 7.4 ± 0.4 13.6 ± 2.4 11.2 ± 3.8 Total 110.2 ± 0.6 53.7 ± 1.5 82.6 ± 1.3 86.2 ± 0.5 102.7 ± 1.7 98.4 ± 5.0 97.3 ± 2.0 75.5 ± 0.9 52.4 ± 11.3 95.0 ± 2.6 63.2 ± 3.7 56.6 ± 5.4 pathway in the presence of cells and shuttles. The pH range was selected because it is within the normal tolerance range of G. metallireducens (and other AQDS-reducing cells) and was below the pH where alkaline hydrolysis of RDX has been reported (pH C 10.5) (Hwang et al 2006). While G. metallireducens is metabolically active from pH 6.8-9.2 its activity is sub-optimal at the higher pH values (pH C 8.0).…”

Section: Rdx Degrades To a Variety Of Intermediates Under Anoxic Condmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biotransformation products and mineralization potential for hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) in abiotic versus biological degradation pathways with anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate (AQDS) and Geobacter metallireducens

Kwon

Finneran

2008

Biodegradation

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This study investigated extracellular electron shuttle-mediated RDX biodegradation and the distribution of ring cleavage metabolites generated by biological degradation (cells) versus the products formed by abiotic degradation (reduced electron shuttles), and when the two pathways were acting simultaneously. All pathways were influenced by pH. Buffered suspensions (pH 6.8/7.9/9.2) were performed with cell-free anthrahydroquinone-2,6-disulfonate as the sole electron donor, cells (Geobacter metallireducens) + acetate, or cells/acetate + anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate as an electron shuttle. The metabolites identified included methylenedinitramine, formaldehyde, nitrous oxide, nitrite, ammonium and carbon dioxide. As pH increased, the rates of RDX reduction by AH(2)QDS also increased. Cells alone reduced RDX faster at the lower pH values. However, at all pH the rates of the electron shuttle-mediated pathways were consistently the fastest, and the proportion of carbon present as formaldehyde, which is a precursor to mineralization, was highest in the presence of electron shuttles. Formaldehyde accounted for 45/51/54% of the carbon in electron shuttle amended cell suspensions as opposed to 13/42/45% of carbon without shuttles at the pH 6.8/7.9/9.2, respectively. Approximately 7-20% of RDX was mineralized to CO(2) in the presence of cells at all pH tested; AQDS increased the extent of (14)CO(2) produced. Nitrous oxide and nitrite were end products in the strictly abiotic pathway, but nitrite was depleted in the presence of cells to form ammonium. Understanding the different products formed in the abiotic versus biological pathways and the influence of pH is critical to developing mixed biotic-abiotic remediation strategies for RDX.

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Section: Rdx Degrades To a Variety Of Intermediates Under Anoxic Condmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biotransformation products and mineralization potential for hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) in abiotic versus biological degradation pathways with anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate (AQDS) and Geobacter metallireducens

Kwon

Finneran

2008

Biodegradation

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“…In most cases the observed end products include nitrite, nitrate, nitrous oxide, nitrogen gas, ammonia, formaldehyde, formic acid, and carbonate (Heilmann et al, 1996;Hawari et al, 2002;Balakrishnan et al, 2003;Hwang et al, 2006;Wanaratna et al, 2006). In particular, it was found that alkaline hydrolysis is one of the most effective treatment approaches for remediating RDX-contaminated water, soil, and sediment (Heilmann et al, 1996;Davis et al, 2007;Gent et al, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…For example, alkaline hydrolysis may play an active role in the in situ natural attenuation of RDX in coastal seawaters (Hoffsommer and Rosen, 1973;Monteil-Rivera et al, 2008). Various technologies, such as treatment with iron metal (Wanaratna et al, 2006), chemical reduction using buffered sodium hydrosulfite (Luo et al, 2012), phytoremediation (Lamichhane et al, 2012;Panz and Miksch, 2012), photolysis (Hawari et al, 2002), adsorption by activated carbon (Wujcik et al, 1992), in situ bioremediation (Waisner et al, 2002), hydrolysis under different conditions (Hoffsommer et al, 1977;Croce and Okamoto, 1979;Heilmann et al, 1996;Balakrishnan et al, 2003;Hwang et al, 2004Hwang et al, , 2006Davis et al, 2007;Larson et al, 2008;Gent et al, 2010), and electrochemical decomposition (Gent et al, 2010) have been investigated as possible methods to treat RDX-contaminated water and soil for safe removal of nitramine from the environment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alkaline hydrolysis of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine: M06-2X investigation

Sviatenko

Gorb²,

Hill

et al. 2015

Chemosphere

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“…Gent et al (2010) studied RDX degradation in industrial waste stream samples using a semi-batch alkaline treatment reactor. The observed rates of degradation for RDX in aqueous systems from Heilmann et al (1996), Hwang et al (2006), andGent et al (2010) are summarized in Table 2.…”

Section: Foundations Of Alkaline Hydrolysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Balakrishnan et al (2003) proposed a detailed mechanism of alkaline destruction of RDX. Kinetic rates for this reaction have been reported in aqueous solutions (Heilmann et al 1996, Hwang et al 2006 Gent (2007) performed alkaline batch studies with simulated groundwater containing 100 mg/L of calcium chloride at 25o °C. Gent et al (2010) studied RDX degradation in industrial waste stream samples using a semi-batch alkaline treatment reactor.…”

Section: Foundations Of Alkaline Hydrolysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Management of Munitions Constituents in Soil Using Alkaline Hydrolysis: A Guide for Practitioners

Johnson¹,

Felt²,

Martin³

et al. 2011

Self Cite

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This report summarizes the state of the practice for the effective management of munitions constituents using alkaline amendments. It includes the wide variety of laboratory results that delineate the reaction kinetics and transformation products of alkaline hydrolysis. It also describes the field demonstrations that have proven the worth of alkaline amendments on both active training ranges and former defense facilities. Alkaline hydrolysis has been extensively studied for the degradation of secondary explosives in aqueous and soil systems. Laboratory studies have determined that the end products of alkaline hydrolysis are mostly small compounds that are readily biodegradable in natural systems. A well-mixed application of hydrated lime has been shown to reduce the concentration of explosives in soil and the concentration of explosives leaving soil lysimeters as both leachate and runoff. Field studies have proven the technology at both active training ranges and formerly used facilities. The total of the work performed to date has demonstrated alkaline hydrolysis to be a safe, effective, and cost-efficient method of managing or treating munitions constituents in soil. It has gained regulatory acceptance for soil remediation activities, and is a valuable technique for Army environmental practitioners.

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Remediation of RDX-Contaminated Water Using Alkaline Hydrolysis

Cited by 30 publications

References 12 publications

Biotransformation products and mineralization potential for hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) in abiotic versus biological degradation pathways with anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate (AQDS) and Geobacter metallireducens

Biotransformation products and mineralization potential for hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) in abiotic versus biological degradation pathways with anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate (AQDS) and Geobacter metallireducens

Alkaline hydrolysis of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine: M06-2X investigation

Management of Munitions Constituents in Soil Using Alkaline Hydrolysis: A Guide for Practitioners

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