2002
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135131
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Remembering Over the Short-Term: The Case Against the Standard Model

Abstract: Psychologists often assume that short-term storage is synonymous with activation, a mnemonic property that keeps information in an immediately accessible form. Permanent knowledge is activated, as a result of on-line cognitive processing, and an activity trace is established "in" short-term (or working) memory. Activation is assumed to decay spontaneously with the passage of time, so a refreshing process-rehearsal-is needed to maintain availability. Most of the phenomena of immediate retention, such as capacit… Show more

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Cited by 373 publications
(369 citation statements)
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References 122 publications
(132 reference statements)
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“…Our demonstration of two distinct memory states (i.e., actively represented working memory and inactively stored long-term memory) challenges theories that propose human memory consists of a single memory storage mechanism that is unlimited in capacity (35)(36)(37)(38). Furthermore, our results demonstrate that the behavioral benefits of representing well-learned information come from additional iterations of retrieval from long-term memory rather than expanded working-memory capacity (39)(40)(41).…”
Section: Discussioncontrasting
confidence: 58%
“…Our demonstration of two distinct memory states (i.e., actively represented working memory and inactively stored long-term memory) challenges theories that propose human memory consists of a single memory storage mechanism that is unlimited in capacity (35)(36)(37)(38). Furthermore, our results demonstrate that the behavioral benefits of representing well-learned information come from additional iterations of retrieval from long-term memory rather than expanded working-memory capacity (39)(40)(41).…”
Section: Discussioncontrasting
confidence: 58%
“…By contrast, information that is present in working memory need not require a deliberate, active process to make it available (but see Nairne, 2002). The information is simply there to be used should the executive or the subordinates need it.…”
Section: The Role Of Long-term Memory In the Task Span Proceduresmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Brown and Hulme (1995) termed these models trace decay plus rehearsal (TDR) models. The widespread appeal of these models has recently led Nairne (2002) to term this approach the "standard model".…”
Section: Duration Effects 3 Is Spoken Duration a Sufficient Explanatimentioning
confidence: 99%