Remote, Aerial, Trans-Layer, Linear and Non-Linear Downlink Underwater Acoustic Communication

Blackmon, F.; Antonelli, Lynn T.

doi:10.1109/oceans.2006.306856

Cited by 23 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Within the cochlea, this 89.9 dB ppe (referred to water with reference value 1 µPa) is enough pressure to cause either a direct hair cell deflection or to set the basilar membrane into motion. Laser-induced pressure waves in water are well documented for experiments with high local absorption [22], [23]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acoustic Events and “Optophonic” Cochlear Responses Induced by Pulsed Near-Infrared LASER

Teudt¹,

Maier²,

Richter

et al. 2011

IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng.

101

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Optical stimulation of neural tissue within the cochlea was described as a possible alternative to electrical stimulation. Most optical stimulation was performed with pulsed lasers operating with near-infrared (NIR) light and in thermal confinement. Under these conditions, the coexistence of laser-induced optoacoustic stimulation of the cochlea (“optophony”) has not been analyzed yet. This study demonstrates that pulsed 1850-nm laser light used for neural stimulation also results in sound pressure levels up to 62 dB peak-to-peak equivalent sound pressure level (SPL) in air. The sound field was confined to a small volume along the laser beam. In dry nitrogen, laser-induced acoustic events disappeared. Hydrophone measurements demonstrated pressure waves for laser fibers immersed in water. In hearing rats, laser-evoked signals were recorded from the cochlea without targeting neural tissue. The signals showed a two-domain response differing in amplitude and latency functions, as well as sensitivity to white-noise masking. The first component had characteristics of a cochlear microphonic potential, and the second component was characteristic for a compound action potential. The present data demonstrate that laser-evoked acoustic events can stimulate a hearing cochlea. Whenever optical stimulation is used, care must be taken to distinguish between such “optophony” and the true optoneural response.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acoustic Events and “Optophonic” Cochlear Responses Induced by Pulsed Near-Infrared LASER

Teudt¹,

Maier²,

Richter

et al. 2011

IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng.

101

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“…Not only TARF involves a very complex process, but also little details are provided for how the displacement in the water surface can be differentiated from the natural surface vibration and on how data could be modulated and encoded. On the other hand, the optoacoustic effect is exploited for the downlink [16], [17]. However, opto-acoustic energy transfer is a complex process and the bandwidth is limited by the underwater acoustic channel which is much less than the optical channel.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analyzing Visible Light Communication Through Air–Water Interface

Islam

Younis

2019

IEEE Access

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In underwater wireless networks (UWNs), conventionally there is no direct communication between an underwater node and a remote command center. A floating base-station is often used to serve as an interface to a UWN; such a base-station would typically have both acoustic and radio modems to communicate with underwater nodes and offshore centers, respectively. Although employing an airborne base-station would avoid the logistically-complicated surface nodes deployment, communication across the air-water interface becomes the main challenge since it involves two mediums. This paper promotes a novel way to interconnect UWNs to airborne base-stations through visible light communication (VLC) links. The paper analyzes the viability of VLC across the air-water interface by determining the coverage area and intensity inside the water for a light transmitter placed in the air. We show that enough intensity can be achieved for VLC communication even in the presence of a wavy water surface. We then provide guidelines for using single and multiple light sources to establish robust VLC links under rough environmental conditions like high water current and turbidity. Our approach is validated using simulation and a lab experiment is done to validate the simulation result for flat water surfaces.

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“…The deposited energy rapidly transforms into material heating, generating a cavitation bubble and consequently a supersonic shock wave. The shock wave via laser-induced breakdown (LIB) has drawn much attention in acousticsrelated interdisciplinary areas, such as ocean resource exploration [1], air-water trans-media communication [2], non-destructive monitoring of underwater structures [3], medical acoustics [3,4], laser surgery [5][6][7], cavitation erosion [8], etc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The shock wave evolution of the laser-induced breakdown under non-spherical symmetry using a 1064 nm nanosecond laser

Liu,

Tian,

Song

et al. 2024

J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.

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In acoustics-related interdisciplinary areas, the shock wave of laser-induced breakdown has garnered significant attention. However, research on the propagation of shock waves in non-spherical symmetry is insufficient in both theoretical and experimental aspects. This paper aims to thoroughly study the evolution of shock wave directivity by employing the method of shadowgraph. The shock wave front is determined by the dark fringes in the shadowgraph image and the normal propagation speed of the shock wave is calculated using Huygens Principle. Subsequently, normal propagation speed is converted to pressure in different directions by employing the equation of state of the medium. It has been found that the spherical plasma produces an isotropic shock wave, whereas filamentary plasma generates a highly anisotropic one. To evaluate the anisotropic property of the shock wave, we introduce pressure directivity, which is defined as the pressure at any direction normalized by the maximum value. The temporal evolution of shock wave pressure directivity is obtained based on the shadowgraph images. In the case of filamentary plasma, there is a sudden transition of the pressure directivity in the axial from 40 ns to 165 ns, after which the pressure directivity is consistent with the hydrophone measurement. Based on the moving breakdown model of the plasma and the superposition principle, we propose a theoretical model to explain the experimental result of the pressure directivity. The outcome of our model exhibits considerable consistency with the experiment.

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Remote, Aerial, Trans-Layer, Linear and Non-Linear Downlink Underwater Acoustic Communication

Cited by 23 publications

References 7 publications

Acoustic Events and “Optophonic” Cochlear Responses Induced by Pulsed Near-Infrared LASER

Acoustic Events and “Optophonic” Cochlear Responses Induced by Pulsed Near-Infrared LASER

Analyzing Visible Light Communication Through Air–Water Interface

The shock wave evolution of the laser-induced breakdown under non-spherical symmetry using a 1064 nm nanosecond laser

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