Remote Amplification in Repeaterless Transmission Systems

Double-pass remotely pumped Er3+-doped fiber amplifier embedded with chirped fiber Bragg grating

“…In our research work, the pump light is assumed to propagate in the main transmission fiber from the receiver side before reaching at the remotely pumped EDFA. This pumping scheme is able to capitalize Raman amplification when the pump power is launched from the receiver side [3]. The second WSC is utilized to demultiplex the residual pump light that propagating in the transmission fiber from the receiver side as indicated by the dashed line.…”

“…In this setup, the launched pump power is calculated around 200 mW. This value is relatively low compared to the traditional pump powers of a few Watts laser used in repeaterless transmission systems [3]. The pump laser used in the experiment is broad and thus the effect of stimulated Brillouin scattering on the pump light can be minimized [7].…”

“…The configuration of R-EDFA is mainly designed in single-pass amplification structure [3]. Since the input signal power into a remotely pumped EDFA is normally small, it can be designed to have higher operating gains.…”

“…They can achieve very broad instantaneous bandwidth, but they often suffer from the excitation of substrate modes, which result in reduced efficiency, strong crosstalk between antennas in an array environment, and perturbed radiation patterns [3]. Additionally, tapered slot antennas usually have larger electrical size, whose length is two wavelengths or more.…”

High gain efficiency amplifier based on an erbium doped aluminosilicate holey fiber

“…In the early days of amplifier research considerable effort was expended on the development of high gain efficiency amplifiers however, with the development of more powerful pump lasers and the need for higher-power DWDM compatible amplifiers, this line of amplifier research has become somewhat forgotten. For certain applications though, such as remote-pumping in long-reach unrepeatered transmission links where low pump power levels are available [3], or for applications in the field of optical fiber sensors/monitoring where the amplification of extremely weak signals is important [4], EDFAs with high gain efficiency are still required. It is important to remember though when developing such amplifiers that high gain efficiency in itself is not the only critical performance characteristic.…”