Removal of cyanotoxins by potassium permanganate: Incorporating competition from natural water constituents

Laszakovits, Juliana R.; MacKay, Allison A.

doi:10.1016/j.watres.2019.02.018

Cited by 53 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…The LC-OCD-OND results helped to identify the fractions found in EOM and IOM, which are potential components that could scavenge oxidants and hinder the effective modeling of the oxidation of cyanotoxin and T&O compounds. Although these fractions have been analyzed as a potential source of disinfection byproducts and interference to coagulants, they have only been included in a limited set of competition kinetic studies wherein potassium permanganate was scavenged by DOC during the oxidation of cyanotoxins [44].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using Advanced Spectroscopy and Organic Matter Characterization to Evaluate the Impact of Oxidation on Cyanobacteria

Moradinejad

Glover

Mailly

et al. 2019

Toxins

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Drinking water treatment plants throughout the world are increasingly facing the presence of toxic cyanobacteria in their source waters. During treatment, the oxidation of cyanobacteria changes cell morphology and can potentially lyse cells, releasing intracellular metabolites. In this study, a combination of techniques was applied to better understand the effect of oxidation with chlorine, ozone, potassium permanganate, and hydrogen peroxide on two cell cultures (Microcystis, Dolichospermum) in Lake Champlain water. The discrepancy observed between flow cytometry cell viability and cell count numbers was more pronounced for hydrogen peroxide and potassium permanganate than ozone and chlorine. Liquid chromatography with organic carbon and nitrogen detection was applied to monitor the changes in dissolved organic matter fractions following oxidation. Increases in the biopolymer fraction after oxidation with chlorine and ozone were attributed to the release of intracellular algal organic matter and/or fragmentation of the cell membrane. A novel technique, Enhanced Darkfield Microscopy with Hyperspectral Imaging, was applied to chlorinated and ozonated samples. Significant changes in the peak maxima and number of peaks were observed for the cell walls post-oxidation, but this effect was muted for the cell-bound material, which remained relatively unaltered.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using Advanced Spectroscopy and Organic Matter Characterization to Evaluate the Impact of Oxidation on Cyanobacteria

Moradinejad

Glover

Mailly

et al. 2019

Toxins

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“…A potential consequence of the release of DOC during pre-oxidation is that these processes may result in the formation of disinfection byproducts during the initial oxidation period or later during secondary disinfection as has been demonstrated in previous work [17,21,26]. The presence of released DOC may also interfere with the degradation of extracellular MC as it consumes oxidant residual during the exposure period and is a factor contributing to the difficulty in modeling the degradation of MC as it moves from intracellular to extracellular [27].…”

Section: Oxidantmentioning

confidence: 90%

Delayed Release of Intracellular Microcystin Following Partial Oxidation of Cultured and Naturally Occurring Cyanobacteria

Greenstein

Zamyadi

Glover

et al. 2020

Toxins

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Oxidation processes can provide an effective barrier to eliminate cyanotoxins by damaging cyanobacteria cell membranes, releasing intracellular cyanotoxins, and subsequently oxidizing these toxins (now in extracellular form) based on published reaction kinetics. In this work, cyanobacteria cells from two natural blooms (from the United States and Canada) and a laboratory-cultured Microcystis aeruginosa strain were treated with chlorine, monochloramine, chlorine dioxide, ozone, and potassium permanganate. The release of microcystin was measured immediately after oxidation (t ≤ 20 min), and following oxidant residual quenching (stagnation times = 96 or 168 h). Oxidant exposures (CT) were determined resulting in complete release of intracellular microcystin following chlorine (21 mg-min/L), chloramine (72 mg-min/L), chlorine dioxide (58 mg-min/L), ozone (4.1 mg-min/L), and permanganate (391 mg-min/L). Required oxidant exposures using indigenous cells were greater than lab-cultured Microcystis. Following partial oxidation of cells (oxidant exposures ≤ CT values cited above), additional intracellular microcystin and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were released while the samples remained stagnant in the absence of an oxidant (>96 h after quenching). The delayed release of microcystin from partially oxidized cells has implications for drinking water treatment as these cells may be retained on a filter surface or in solids and continue to slowly release cyanotoxins and other metabolites into the finished water.

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“…From a treatment standpoint, MCs have three general areas subject to oxidation: the conjugated double bond in the Adda moiety; the single double bond in the Mdha moiety; and the side chain of amino acids [47]. Laszakovits and MacKay [53] described in detail the removal of cyanotoxins by potassium permanganate. However, this method represents a pH dependent and chemically demanding process.…”

Section: Conventional Strategies Of Microcystin Removalmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Use of Biochar and Pyrolysed Materials to Improve Water Quality through Microcystin Sorption Separation

Frišták

Laughinghouse

Bell

2020

Water

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Harmful algal blooms have increased globally with warming of aquatic environments and increased eutrophication. Proliferation of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) and the subsequent flux of toxic extracellular microcystins present threats to public and ecosystem health and challenges for remediation and management. Although methods exist, there is currently a need for more environmentally friendly and economically and technologically feasible sorbents. Biochar has been proposed in this regard because of its high porosity, chemical stability, and notable sorption efficiency for removing of cyanotoxins. In light of worsening cyanobacterial blooms and recent research advances, this review provides a timely assessment of microcystin removal strategies focusing on the most pertinent chemical and physical sorbent properties responsible for effective removal of various pollutants from wastewater, liquid wastes, and aqueous solutions. The pyrolysis process is then evaluated for the first time as a method for sorbent production for microcystin removal, considering the suitability and sorption efficiencies of pyrolysed materials and biochar. Inefficiencies and high costs of conventional methods can be avoided through the use of pyrolysis. The significant potential of biochar for microcystin removal is determined by feedstock type, pyrolysis conditions, and the physiochemical properties produced. This review informs future research and development of pyrolysed materials for the treatment of microcystin contaminated aquatic environments.

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Removal of cyanotoxins by potassium permanganate: Incorporating competition from natural water constituents

Cited by 53 publications

References 41 publications

Using Advanced Spectroscopy and Organic Matter Characterization to Evaluate the Impact of Oxidation on Cyanobacteria

Using Advanced Spectroscopy and Organic Matter Characterization to Evaluate the Impact of Oxidation on Cyanobacteria

Delayed Release of Intracellular Microcystin Following Partial Oxidation of Cultured and Naturally Occurring Cyanobacteria

The Use of Biochar and Pyrolysed Materials to Improve Water Quality through Microcystin Sorption Separation

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