Removal of Enteric Viruses from Sewage by Activated Sludge Treatment

Clarke, Norman A.; Stevenson, Robert E.; Chang, Shih L.; Kabler, Paul W.

doi:10.2105/ajph.51.8.1118

Cited by 78 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…The majority of loss is likely due to biological inactivation because physical adsorption has been shown to be minimal for enteric viruses. 45 A T90 value (i.e., time to reach 90% inactivation) of 121 hours MS2 in unpasteurized wastewater at 25 °C was reported in a previous study. 46 The decrease in Phi6 concentration in the converging sewer pipes model is larger compared to that in earlier studies on the persistence of Phi6 in wastewater and the inactivation of Ebola virus in sterilized wastewater.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 74%

Aerosolization of Ebola Virus Surrogates in Wastewater Systems

Lin

Marr

2017

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Academic AbstractRecent studies have shown that Ebola virus can persist in wastewater, and the potential for the virus to be aerosolized and pose a risk of inhalation exposure has not been evaluated.We considered this risk for three wastewater systems: toilets, a lab-scale model of an aeration basin, and a lab-scale model of converging sewer pipes. We measured the aeroso l size distribution generated by each system, spiked Ebola virus surrogates into each system, and determined the emission rate of viruses into the air. While the number of aerosols released ranged from 10 5 to 10 7 per flush from the toilets or per minute from the lab-scale models, the total volume of aerosols generated by these systems was ~10 -8 to 10 -7 mL per flush or per minute in all cases. The Ebola virus surrogates MS2 and Phi6, spiked into toilets at an initial concentration of 10 7 PFU mL -1 , were not detected in air after flushing.Airborne concentrations of MS2 and Phi6 were ~20 PFU L -1 and ~0.1 PFU L -1 , respectively, associated with the aeration basin and sewer models. This corresponds to emission rates of 547 PFU min -1 and 3.8 PFU min -1 of MS2 and Phi6, respectively, for the aeration basin and 79 PFU min -1 and 0.3 PFU min -1 for the sewer model. Since informa tio n on the aerosolization of Ebola virus is quite limited, these emission rates can greatly help inform risk assessment of inhalation exposure to Ebola virus.iii

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 74%

Aerosolization of Ebola Virus Surrogates in Wastewater Systems

Lin

Marr

2017

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…90,91 Enteroviruses and adenoviruses are more effectively removed in secondary treatment, with 1-4 log reduction reported, 90-92 but reovirus reduction was less than 1 log. The extent of non-enveloped human virus removal and inactivation depends on the type of virus and on the treatment processes employed at a particular WWTP.…”

Section: Wastewater Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The extent of non-enveloped human virus removal and inactivation depends on the type of virus and on the treatment processes employed at a particular WWTP. 90,93 The final disinfection step is critical for reducing the number of infective viruses in effluent, 94 but even disinfected effluent can contain infective viruses. 90,91 Enteroviruses and adenoviruses are more effectively removed in secondary treatment, with 1-4 log reduction reported, 90-92 but reovirus reduction was less than 1 log.…”

Section: Wastewater Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging investigators series: the source and fate of pandemic viruses in the urban water cycle

Wigginton

Ellenberg

2015

Environ. Sci.: Water Res. Technol.

182

196

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Several recent high profile outbreaks such as SARS, MERS, Ebola and avian influenzas draw attention to the continued risk of a deadly viral pandemic. In general, these enveloped viruses are not considered a major threat for the wastewater and water industries due to their assumed low concentrations in municipal wastewater and high susceptibilities to degradation in aqueous environments. A number of clinical reports, however, suggest that certain enveloped viruses are excreted in human feces during infection.Furthermore, survivability studies show that many enveloped viruses are capable of retaining infectivity for days to months in aqueous environments. Here, we examine the potential presence and fate of enveloped viruses in the urban water cycle, with emphasis on coronaviruses (e.g., SARS and MERS) and avian influenza viruses. We identify a number of pressing research questions that must be answered before the water and wastewater industries can confidently assure the public, through the dissemination of evidence-based guidance, that irrigation waters, recreation waters, and drinking water sources are safe during a viral outbreak or pandemic event.Environ. Sci.: Water Res. Technol. This journal is

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“…The large amount of virus material introduced into the system during an experimental run was much greater than would occur naturally in domestic sewage, even during a summer epidemic of intestinal Coxsackie infection. The laboratory experiments of Clarke, et al (1961) indicated that large amounts of virus must be present to facilitate detection-a fact which was noted by Mack, et al (1962). Consequently, the fact that 100 per cent deaths was reported for a given swab assay does not mean that no removal of virus occurred in the system upstream from that particular swab.…”

Section: Discussion Of Resultsmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…Concentration of enteroviruses in settled activated sludge was established by Mack, et al (1958) . A laboratory scale activated sludge unit removed about 90 per cent Type 1 polio virus and about 98 per cent Coxsackie A9 virus according to Clarke, et al (1961).…”

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confidence: 99%

The fate of Coxsackie virus A-13 in water reclamation.

Isherwood¹

1965

Am J Public Health Nations Health

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Does sewage treatment remove virus? This question must be answered if sewage treatment plant effluent water is to be reclaimed for human consumption. A study of the fate of Coxsackie virus in an activated sludge plant at UCLA showed that this virus can be removed by maintaining a high sludge index, followed by sand filtration. Although operation at high sludge index requires care on the part of the operator, the method promises a safer effluent in areas where reclaimed sewage effluent is to be reused for human consumption.

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Removal of Enteric Viruses from Sewage by Activated Sludge Treatment

Cited by 78 publications

References 6 publications

Aerosolization of Ebola Virus Surrogates in Wastewater Systems

Aerosolization of Ebola Virus Surrogates in Wastewater Systems

Emerging investigators series: the source and fate of pandemic viruses in the urban water cycle

The fate of Coxsackie virus A-13 in water reclamation.

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