Removal of persistent organic pollutants from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) diets: Influence on growth, feed utilization efficiency and product quality

Olli, Jan J.; Breivik, Harald; Mørkøre, Turid; Ruyter, Bente; Johansen, Johan; Reynolds, Patric; Thorstad, Olav; Berge, Gunnar N.

doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2010.09.044

Cited by 20 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Olli et al. () raised Atlantic salmon on feed containing either a mean level of 0.2 ng PCDD/F‐WHO 2005 ‐TEQ/kg diet (0.5 ng sum PCDD/F+DL‐PCB‐WHO 2005 ‐TEQ/kg feed) or 1.4 ng PCDD/F‐WHO 2005 ‐TEQ/kg feed (2.8 ng sum PCDD/F+DL‐PCB‐WHO 2005 ‐TEQ/kg diet) for an entire production cycle (approximately 17 months). There were no significant differences in nutrient digestibility, thermal growth co‐efficient or condition factor between the fish given the different diets.…”

Section: Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk for animal and human health related to the presence of dioxins and dioxin‐like PCBs in feed and food

Knutsen¹,

Alexander²,

Barregård³

et al. 2018

EFS2

143

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The European Commission asked EFSA for a scientific opinion on the risks for animal and human health related to the presence of dioxins (PCDD/Fs) and DL‐PCBs in feed and food. The data from experimental animal and epidemiological studies were reviewed and it was decided to base the human risk assessment on effects observed in humans and to use animal data as supportive evidence. The critical effect was on semen quality, following pre‐ and postnatal exposure. The critical study showed a NOAEL of 7.0 pg WHO2005‐TEQ/g fat in blood sampled at age 9 years based on PCDD/F‐TEQs. No association was observed when including DL‐PCB‐TEQs. Using toxicokinetic modelling and taking into account the exposure from breastfeeding and a twofold higher intake during childhood, it was estimated that daily exposure in adolescents and adults should be below 0.25 pg TEQ/kg bw/day. The CONTAM Panel established a TWI of 2 pg TEQ/kg bw/week. With occurrence and consumption data from European countries, the mean and P95 intake of total TEQ by Adolescents, Adults, Elderly and Very Elderly varied between, respectively, 2.1 to 10.5, and 5.3 to 30.4 pg TEQ/kg bw/week, implying a considerable exceedance of the TWI. Toddlers and Other Children showed a higher exposure than older age groups, but this was accounted for when deriving the TWI. Exposure to PCDD/F‐TEQ only was on average 2.4‐ and 2.7‐fold lower for mean and P95 exposure than for total TEQ. PCDD/Fs and DL‐PCBs are transferred to milk and eggs, and accumulate in fatty tissues and liver. Transfer rates and bioconcentration factors were identified for various species. The CONTAM Panel was not able to identify reference values in most farm and companion animals with the exception of NOAELs for mink, chicken and some fish species. The estimated exposure from feed for these species does not imply a risk.

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Section: Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk for animal and human health related to the presence of dioxins and dioxin‐like PCBs in feed and food

Knutsen¹,

Alexander²,

Barregård³

et al. 2018

EFS2

143

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“…In general, this is an issue that had been diminishing to some extent with the increasing replacement of dietary FM and FO that meant levels of these undesirable marine environmental contaminants in feeds were decreasing and unlikely to increase in the future . However, this issue has been raised again with the recent announcement (http://www.marineharvest.com/about/news-and-media/news/marine-harvest-salmon-evenhealthier/) indicating that at least one international fish farming company is planning to utilise only feed formulated with "cleaned" FO (Olli et al, 2010). It remains to be seen whether or not this is an overall beneficial development for aquaculture and, in particular, salmon farming.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and aquaculture in perspective

2015

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Abbreviations: ARA, arachidonic acid (20:4n-6); CVD, cardiovascular disease; DHA, docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3); DPA, docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n-3); EFA, essential fatty acid; Elovl, fatty acid elongase; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3); Fads, fatty acyl desaturase; FM, fishmeal; FO, fish oil; LC-PUFA, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (≥ C20 ≥ 3 double bonds); LOA, linoleic acid (18:2n-6); LNA, linolenic acid (18:3n-3); PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid; TAG, triacylglycerol; VO, vegetable oil. ABSTRACTIn the 40 years since the essentiality of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in fish was first established by determining quantitative requirements for 18:3n-3 and 18:2n-6 in rainbow trout, essential fatty acid (EFA) research has gone through distinct phases. For 20 years the focus was primarily on determining qualitative and quantitative EFA requirements of fish species. Nutritional and biochemical studies showed major differences between fish species based on whether C 18 PUFA or long-chain (LC)-PUFA were required to satisfy requirements. In contrast, in the last 20 years, research emphasis shifted to determining "optimal" levels of EFA to support growth of fish fed diets with increased lipid content and where growth expectations were much higher. This required greater knowledge of the roles and functions of EFA in metabolism and physiology, and how these impacted on fish health and disease. Requirement studies were more focused on early life stages, in particular larval marine fish, defining not only levels, but also balances between different EFA. Finally, a major driver in the last 10-15 years has been the unavoidable replacement of fish oil and fishmeal in feeds and the impacts that this can have on n-3 LC-PUFA contents of diets and farmed fish, and the human consumer. Thus, dietary n-3 in fish feeds can be defined by three levels.Firstly, the minimum level required to satisfy EFA requirements and thus prevent nutritional pathologies. This level is relatively small and easy to supply even with today's current high demand for fish oil. The second level is that required to sustain maximum growth and optimum health in fish being fed modern high-energy diets. The balance between different PUFA and LC-PUFA is important and defining them is more challenging, and so ideal levels and balances are still not well understood, particularly in relation to fish health. The third level is currently driving much research; how can we supply sufficient n-3 LC-PUFA to maintain the nutritional quality of farmed fish at the same level as 20 years ago, and similar or better than in wild fish? This level far exceeds the biological requirements of the fish itself and to satisfy it we require entirely new sources of n-3 LC-PUFA. We cannot rely on the finite and limited marine resources that we can sustainably harvest or 3 efficiently recycle. We need to produce n-3 LC-PUFA de novo and all possible options should be considered.Keywords: Fish oil; essential fatty acids; nutrition; health; metabolism; sustainability 4 Highl...

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“…A different approach to the replacement of fish ingredients explored by various authors (Josef Olli et al, 2010;Ibrahim et al, 2011) is to further refine the fish oil to be incorporated into the salmon feed in order to decrease the contamination of the diets with POPs and thereby diminish their transfer to edible tissues. Interestingly, Kelly et al (Kelly et al, 2011) observed that also the less hydrophobic organochlorine contaminants tended to biomagnify throughout the biological food chain, contrary to generally held presumptions, whilst the occurrence of residues of such contaminants is probably more dependent on ambient concentrations in the environment than in feed.…”

Section: Fish Oil Refinementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Applicability of a food chain analysis on aquaculture of Atlantic salmon to identify and monitor vulnerabilities and drivers of change for the identification of emerging risks

Marvin

Bouzembrak

Asselt

et al. 2019

EFSA Supporting Publications

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The objective of Aquarius project was to test the applicability of a food chain analysis on Atlantic salmon farmed in Norway to identify and monitor vulnerabilities and drivers of change for the identification of emerging risks. To this end, a comprehensive literature review was conducted complemented with expert views collected by on‐line questionnaires and in‐depth interviews. This review provided an overview of the various stages in the supply chain from farm to consumer and the identification of i) existing and emerging human and animal health hazards, ii) vulnerabilities, iii) control measures, iv) drivers of change, and v) related indicators. Next step in the study was to i) complement the list of vulnerabilities followed by a prioritisation using focus group discussions and Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) method and ii) link drivers of change acting upon the (prioritised) vulnerabilities and identification of associated indicators and data sources by means of a Delphi method. Based on the experiences obtained with the different methodologies during this project, the Aquarius team considers literature review, and a direct face‐to‐face interaction with experts (in‐depth interviews, focus group discussions and FMEA in a workshop setting) as being most effective regarding output and effort. The comprehensive information collected formed the basis for the methodology to baseline key indicators of the selected vulnerabilities. The methodology proposed comprised a Bayesian Network (BN) that links data sources for indicators and drivers of change to the prioritised vulnerabilities and was demonstrated for salmon health. A Decision Support System (DSS) with such BN integrated was designed. The current BN and DSS could flag an increased exposure of known hazards that may occur due to changes in indicators but new hazards are not identified. The proposed methodology could be used instead to show trends in vulnerabilities, indicators, increased exposure of known hazards and for scenario studies.

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Removal of persistent organic pollutants from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) diets: Influence on growth, feed utilization efficiency and product quality

Cited by 20 publications

References 45 publications

Risk for animal and human health related to the presence of dioxins and dioxin‐like PCBs in feed and food

Risk for animal and human health related to the presence of dioxins and dioxin‐like PCBs in feed and food

Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and aquaculture in perspective

Applicability of a food chain analysis on aquaculture of Atlantic salmon to identify and monitor vulnerabilities and drivers of change for the identification of emerging risks

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