Removal of selected antibiotics and antiretroviral drugs during post‐treatment of municipal wastewater with UV, UV/chlorine and UV/hydrogen peroxide

Abstract

Active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are only partially removed by convectional wastewater treatment plants. This study aimed at assessing the post-treatment degradation of selected antibiotics and antiretroviral drugs by direct UV photolysis and advanced oxidation processes (UV/H 2 O 2 and UV/Cl 2) using low-pressure mercury lamp. The rate of degradation largely followed pseudo first-order reaction kinetics. Amongst the six studied APIs, sulfamethoxazole, ciprofloxacin and zidovudine were readily degraded by more than 90% using direct UV photolysis. Addition of Cl 2 and H 2 O 2 to the UV process led to an increase in the rate of degradation for all the compounds. The effectiveness UV/Cl 2 process was affected to a greater extent by the background effluent organic matter. This implies that higher electrical energy and oxidant would be required in the UV/Cl 2 process relative to UV/H 2 O 2 process. Generally, electrical energy required to remove 90% of the target compounds increased in the order UV/H 2 O 2 < UV/Cl 2 < UV processes. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Removal of selected antibiotics and antiretroviral drugs E. Ngumba et al.

Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Degradation of Nevirapine in Wastewater Using the UV/TiO2/H2O2 Process

“…S1). The results agree with (Ngumba et al (2020) S6). This demonstrates the positive effect of H 2 O 2 on the degradation process.…”

“…Therefore, the higher rate constant obtained could be attributed to the rapid decomposition of H 2 O 2 under the low-pressure Hg lamp ( ≈ 254 nm) which provided a higher photon ux than the UV/Visible light used in this study. However, the lower overall NVP removal (52.9%)(Ngumba et al, 2020) suggests that the total number of generated • OH radicals was not su cient to sustain the complete degradation process. These ndings demonstrate that the synergistic effects of the UV/H 2 O 2 and UV/TiO 2 systems (UV/TiO 2 /H 2 O 2 ) provided more • OH in this work.…”

A sustainable approach for the removal methods and analytical determination methods of antiviral drugs from water/wastewater: A review

“…Several methods such as liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) [49] , [50] , [51] , [52] , [53] , [54] , [55] , [56] , [57] , [58] , high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) [59] , [60] , [61] , [62] , [63] , [64] , ultra-performance liquid chromatography with positive electrospray ionization tandem spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) [65] and (ultraviolet) UV–Vis spectrophotometer [66] , [67] have been used to determine antiviral drugs from aqueous samples. In most cases, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is used to quantify antiviral drugs from environmental waters and wastewaters due to high selectivity, accuracy, sensitivity and flexibility [68] , [69] .…”

“… Antiviral Drugs Matrix Concentration Treatment Technology Process Conditions Removal or Q(mg/g) References Acyclovir Distilled water 400 mg/L Adsorption Temperature: 39 °C, pH:8: powdered adsorbent activated carbon, adsorbent dose: 2 g/L 90.3 % [66] Sofosbuvir Distilled water 0.1 mM Adsorption pH: 6.8, adsorbent: e- perlite adsorbent dose: 20 g/L 58.5 % [67] Didanosine, Nevirapine, Ritonavir, Efavirenz, Stavudine Wastewater treatment plant influent and effluent Distilled water 0.5–1.25 mg/L Adsorption Contact time:15 min to 120 min, temperature: 15 to 60 °C,pH: 3 to 12 64.9 mg/g-200.5 mg/g [60] Acyclovir Distilled water 100 mg/L Adsorption Temperature: 45 °C, pH:11, adsorbent: powdered activated charcoal, adsorbent dose: 4 g/L, equilibrium contact time: 75 min. 98 % [141] Zidovudine (ZDV) Lamivudine (3TC) Nevirapine (NVP) Wastewater treatment plant effluent 20 μM Photolysis (UV) pH:7.7–8.1, electrical energy dose: 6.67 kWh/103 L H 2 O 2 dose:20.4 mg/L, Cl 2 dose:42.6 mg/L ZDV: >90 % 3TC:~50 % NVP:<20 % [50] UV/H 2 O ...…”

Improved Magnetite Nanoparticle Immobilization on a Carbon Felt Cathode in the Heterogeneous Electro-Fenton Degradation of Aspirin in Wastewater

“…Thus, quests for successful mitigation processes to achieve the complete remediation of this emerging class of pollutants from the environment and water have resorted to AOPs of which EF is a subset. 7 − 14 EF has recently been applied in the removal of various pharmaceuticals and bacteria in effluent water in Colombia by Martínez and co-authors. 15 More similar work in the degradation of pharmaceuticals in wastewater was reported by Emeji and colleagues 16 in the removal of antiretroviral drugs, while Wang and co-authors used EF in separate work for the removal of ciprofloxacin and an antibiotic (cefoperazone), respectively.…”