Removal performance of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater treatment by membrane bioreactor, anaerobic-anoxic-oxic, and conventional activated sludge processes

Development of liquid-crystalline smectic nanoporous membranes for the removal of SARS-CoV-2 and waterborne viruses

“…68 Wang et al reported that membrane bioreactors show stable SARS-CoV-2 removal. 69 However, studies on SARS-CoV-2 removal from water are limited. The removal of target viruses, especially SARS-CoV-2, to undetectable level by the LC nanoporous membranes indicates that these membranes are promising for the prevention of SARS-CoV-2 pollution.…”

Wastewater-based surveillance of COVID-19 and removal of SARS-CoV-2 RNA across a major wastewater treatment plant in San Antonio, Texas

“…Few previous studies reported high concentrations of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in primary, secondary, and thickened anaerobically treated sludge. 13,39 It has been suggested that only aer applying thermal hydrolysis SARS-CoV-2 RNA was non-detectable in sludge samples. 32 Hence, the pre-treatment of dewatered sludge prior to disposal might be necessary to ensure the complete removal of SARS-CoV-2 RNA.…”

“…11,12 However, the detection of high SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentrations in raw influent samples around the world prompts public health concerns due to possible fecal-oral or aerosol transmission of the virus, yet only limited studies addressing the SARS-CoV-2 removal efficiencies in conventional and advanced WWTPs were carried out. 13,14…”

“…11,12 However, the detection of high SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentrations in raw inuent samples around the world prompts public health concerns due to possible fecal-oral or aerosol transmission of the virus, yet only limited studies addressing the SARS-CoV-2 removal efficiencies in conventional and advanced WWTPs were carried out. 13,14 To date, there is minimal or no evidence supporting the potential transmission risk of COVID-19 through wastewater. [15][16][17] For instance, few studies reported the possible risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission via exposure to aerosols generated through untreated wastewater, [18][19][20][21][22] while other studies stated that the evidence of virus infectivity via wastewater exposure is limited.…”

“…5,29,30 It has been reported that viral loads are signicantly reduced by conventional wastewater treatment processes; however, information on the reduction of SARS-CoV-2 RNA is still limited. 13,[30][31][32][33][34] Additional studies are required to demonstrate the role of WWTPs in removal of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the effluents from secondary and/or tertiary treatments and to verify whether additional treatments are needed to protect the receiving environments.…”