Removal Processes of Carbamazepine in Constructed Wetlands Treating Secondary Effluent: A Review

Abstract

It is widely believed that constructed wetlands (CWs) own great potentiality as polishing wastewater treatment methods for removing carbamazepine (CBZ). Although the typical CBZ removal efficiencies in CWs are quite low, the CBZ removal performance could be improved to some extend by optimizing the CW design parameters. A comparison of current relevant studies indicates that horizontal sub-surface flow CWs (HSSF-CWs) and hybrid wetlands are attracting more interest for the treatment of CBZ wastewater. According to CBZ’s physicochemical properties, substrate adsorption (25.70–57.30%) and macrophyte uptake (22.30–51.00%) are the two main CBZ removal pathways in CWs. The CBZ removal efficiency of CWs employing light expanded clay aggregate (LECA) as a substrate could reach values higher than 90%, and the most favorable macrophyte species is Iris sibirica, which has shown the highest total CBZ assimilation capacity. Several methods for enhancement have been proposed to optimize CBZ removal in CWs, including development of hydraulic models for optimization of CW operation, introduction of extra new CBZ removal ways into CW through substrate modification, design of combined/integrated CW, etc.

A Review on the Removal of Carbamazepine from Aqueous Solution by Using Activated Carbon and Biochar

“…where q sat is the loading at saturation expressed at standard pressure and temperature (mL/g); ρ vap and ρ liq are the density for the vapour phase at standard pressure and temperature and the liquid phase at normal boiling point, respectively. Analytically, the total pore volume can also be determined through Equation (11) [176]:…”

“…In the literature, different technologies for CBZ removal from contaminated water are reported [4,[11][12][13]. These technologies are mainly based on electrochemical oxidation [14,15], solar photolysis [16,17], photocatalysis [18][19][20], osmotic membrane separation [12,21], ion exchange [22,23], persulfate oxidation [24], ultrasound/persulfate anions oxidation [25], dielectric barrier discharge process [26,27] and ozone/ultraviolet/hydrogen peroxide advanced oxidation [28,29].…”

Potential use of floating treatment wetlands established with Canna flaccida for removing organic contaminants from surface water

“…CBZ dissipation is likely associated with uptake by C. flaccida plants and adsorption onto surfaces of plants and mesocosms. Chen et al (2018) reported that plant uptake generally accounts for 22.3 À 51.0% of the removal of CBZ in wetland environments planted with macrophytes like Canna species. Sorption to plant and mesocosm surfaces likely contributed to the balance of the dissipation observed.…”

Capacity of Two Ornamental Species (Iris sibirica and Zantedeschia aethiopica) to Take up, Translocate, and Accumulate Carbamazepine under Hydroponic Conditions

“…In addition, the major concern is with regard to recalcitrant drugs, such as carbamazepine (CBZ), which persist in reclaimed water after conventional wastewater treatments [5]. Effluents from wastewater treatment plants represent the main source for the entry of CBZ into aquatic ecosystems [6]. CBZ is a drug used to treat a large number of mental diseases and compulsive disorders [5,7] and it is widely consumed worldwide, reaching up to 96% of the world pharmaceutical market [8].…”

“…Therefore, for more than a decade, CBZ has been categorized as an anthropogenic marker in aquatic environments [11]. Moreover, several studies that Water 2020, 12, 1272 2 of 10 have assessed the effects of CBZ on different living organisms indicate that this drug is among the most dangerous in aquatic ecosystems [6,[12][13][14][15][16].…”