Renal function of workers with low-level cadmium exposure.

Verschoor, M. A.; Herber, Robert; J, van Hemmen; Wibowo, A. A. E.; Zielhuis, R. L.

doi:10.5271/sjweh.2065

Cited by 41 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…These findings also are in agreement with two recent studies. Verschoor et al [1987] found statistically significant increases in urinary levels of p2-microglobulin, retinol-binding protein, and NAG in workers with urinary cadmium levels above 50 nmol/1 (5.6 pg/1). Ewers et al [1985] reported a tendency to increased albuminuria in 65-and 66-year-old women (n = 286) at urinary cadmium levels > 2 pg/g creatinine.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Chronic Renal Tubular Effects in Relation to Urine Cadmium Levels

Mueller

Sj²,

Steinberg³

et al. 1989

Nephron

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In this study the urine activities of two brush border membrane enzymes, alanine aminopeptidase (AAP) and γ-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT), and the lysosomal enzyme N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) were measured in men exposed to cadmium to investigate chronic renal toxicity. The subjects consist of a group with urine cadmium levels < 2.0 μg/l and a group with higher cadmium levels (urine cadmium > 2.0 μg/l) with past or present occupational exposure to cadmium. The mean NAG value corrected for creatinine in the higher cadmium group (2.95 U/g creatinine) is significantly different from the mean low cadmium group value (0.92 U/g creatinine, p = 0.0083). Likewise, AAP in the higher group (13.83 U/g creatinine) is significantly different from that of the low group (6.58 U/g creatinine; p = 0.0018). NAG and AAP also give significant correlations with cadmium levels in urine (NAG: r = 0.51; p = 0.0001; AAP: r = 0.56; p = 0.0001). There is no similar statistically significant difference in GGT means in the two groups. In contrast to cadmium correlations, blood lead does not correlate with NAG, AAP, or GGT. A dose-response relationship was found between NAG and cadmium and between AAP and cadmium. The analysis of this relationship gives estimates of a 10% chance of observing an elevated NAG value at a cadmium level of 6.3 μg/g creatinine (8.0 μg/l) and a 10% chance of observing an elevated AAP at a cadmium level of 5.0 μg/g creatinine (3.4 μg/l). These data indicate elevations of NAG and AAP at urine cadmium levels below the level of 10 μg/g creatinine recommended as an upper limit by the 1980 World Health Organization Study Group. Since elevated levels of NAG and AAP in cadmium-exposed workers may reflect chronic renal tubular nephrotoxicity, these findings indicate that cadmium levels below 10 μg/g creatinine may be accompanied by subclinical tubular dysfunction, and that WHO guidelines should be interpreted cautiously, particularly with reference to workers who are no longer exposed and may have had higher cadmium body burdens in the past.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Chronic Renal Tubular Effects in Relation to Urine Cadmium Levels

Mueller

Sj²,

Steinberg³

et al. 1989

Nephron

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“…This could be related to the relatively high level of environmental exposure to cadmium in Belgium. Indeed, during life, cadmium (18,19) accumulates in the body and is concentrated mainly in the liver and kidneys. The main storage protein for cadmium in these organs is metallothionein.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determinants of serum zinc in a random population sample of four Belgian towns with different degrees of environmental exposure to cadmium

Thijs¹,

Staessen²,

Améry³

et al. 1992

Environ Health Perspect

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This report investigated the distribution of serum zinc and the factors determining serum zinc concentration in a large random population sample. The 1977 participants (959 men and 1018 women), 20-80 years old, constituted a stratified random sample of the population of four Belgian districts, representing two areas with low and two with high environmental exposure to cadmium. For each exposure level, a rural and an urban area were selected. The serum concentration of zinc, frequently used as an index for zinc status in human subjects, was higher in men (13.1 ,umole/L, range 6.5-23.0 ,umole/L) than in women (12.6 Rmole/L, range 6.3-23.2 Rmole/L).In men, 20% of the variance of serum zinc was explained by age (linear and squared term, R = 0.29), diurnal variation (r = 0.29), and total cholesterol (r = 0.16). After adjustment for these covariates, a negative relationship was observed between serum zinc and both blood (r = -0.10) and urinary cadmium (r = -0.14). In women, 11% of the variance could be explained by age (linear and squared term, R = 0.15), diurnal variation in serum zinc (r = 0.27), creatinine clearance (r = -0.11), log y-glutamyltranspeptidase (r = 0.08), cholesterol (r = 0.07), contraceptive pill intake (r = -0.07), and log serum ferritin (r = 0.06). Before and after adjustment for significant covariates, serum zinc was, on average, lowest in the two districts where the body burden of cadmium, as assessed by urinary cadmium excretion, was highest. These results were not altered when subjects exposed to heavy metals at work were excluded from analysis.

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“…All the Cd workers had a Cd-U higher than 2 ug/g creatinine and had been exposed to Cd for at least one year (range 1 1 to 36 4 years). The occupational exposure to Cd ceased on average 11 (range 1-22) and 17 (range [15][16][17][18][19] years ago for the five Cd refinery and the 10 zinc furnace workers respectively. The control workers were recruited from the same plant but in departments where occupational exposure to heavy metals (Cd, lead, mercury) did not occur.…”

Section: Study Populationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Markers of early renal changes induced by industrial pollutants. III. Application to workers exposed to cadmium.

Roels

Bernard

Cárdenas

et al. 1993

Occupational and Environmental Medicine

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Cadmium (Cd) was the third heavy metal investigated in the European collaborative research project on the development and validation of new markers of nephrotoxicity. Fifty workers exposed to Cd and 50 control workers were examined. After application of selection criteria 37 workers (mean age 43) exposed to Cd for an average of 11-3 years; and 43 age matched referents were retained for final analysis. The average concentrations of Cd in blood (Cd-B) and urine (Cd-U) of exposed workers were 5-5 pg Cd/l and 5-4 pg Cd/g creatinine respectively. By contrast with lead and mercury, Cd had a broad spectrum of effects on the kidney, producing significant alterations in amounts of almost all potential indicators of nephrotoxicity that were measured in urine-namely, low and high molecular weight proteins, kidney derived antigens or enzymes, prostanoids, and various other biochemical indices such as glycosaminoglycans and sialic acid. An increase in i2-microglobulin and a decrease of sialic acid

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Renal function of workers with low-level cadmium exposure.

Cited by 41 publications

References 19 publications

Chronic Renal Tubular Effects in Relation to Urine Cadmium Levels

Chronic Renal Tubular Effects in Relation to Urine Cadmium Levels

Determinants of serum zinc in a random population sample of four Belgian towns with different degrees of environmental exposure to cadmium

Markers of early renal changes induced by industrial pollutants. III. Application to workers exposed to cadmium.

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