Renal homotransplantation in man after radiation of the recipient

Variable Chimerism, Graft-Versus-Host Disease, and Tolerance After Different Kinds of Cell and Whole Organ Transplantation From Lewis to Brown Norway Rats

“…However, the momentum carrying organ and bone marrow transplantation on a common pathway was lost between 1959 and 1962 when the combination of total-body irradiation and bone marrow replacement proved to be uniformly lethal as a step to organ transplantation in large outbred animals (28,29). More important, the incentive to continue such efforts was eroded when 6 human kidney allografts, one in Boston (30) and 5 in Paris (31,32), functioned for extended periods (> 1 year) after their transplantation between January 1959 and early 1962 following sublethal total-body irradiation without bone marrow. The case for a bone marrow component declined further when extended canine (33) and human (34, 35) kidney transplant survival was accomplished solely with drugs.…”

Cell migration and chimerism after whole-organ transplantation: The basis of graft acceptance

“…Survival for at least 5 mo after clinical kidney allotransplantation was a rare achievement in patients treated through April 1962. Only eight patients survived -two in Boston (18)(19)(20) and six in Paris (21,22). The subsequent practical exploitation of this operation hinged on the simple discovery that the rejection under azathioprine therapy of either canine (23) or human kidney allografts (24) could be reversed in the vast majority of cases with the addition or intensification of prednisone therapy.…”

History of Liver and Multivisceral Transplantation

“…Just as this kind of surgical research in unmodified dogs was losing momentum, it was dramatically revitalized by six successful human kidney transplantations performed between January 1959 and February 1962, first by Joseph Murray in Boston 77 and then five more times by the independent teams of Jean Hamburger 78 and Rene KUSS 79 in Paris. The first cases were compiled under circumstances that would not be acceptable in today's climate of institutional review board (IRB) regulation (Le., before long-term survival had been accomplished in animals).…”