Renewed and emerging concerns over the production and emission of ozone-depleting substances

Chipperfield, Martyn P.; Hossaini, Ryan; Montzka, S. A.; Reimann, Stefan; Sherry, David F.; Tegtmeier, Susann

doi:10.1038/s43017-020-0048-8

Cited by 47 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 92 publications

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“…Bromine is thought to account for approximately one third of the global stratospheric O 3 depletion, and it is particularly effective at destroying O 3 in the lowermost stratosphere (LMS) (e.g., Salawitch et al (2005); Hossaini et al (2015); WMO (2018); Chipperfield et al (2020)). The LMS is defined as the atmospheric layer extending from the local tropopause (TP) to the potential temperature Θ=380 K isentrope thereby excluding the tropics (Holton et al, 1995), and we define the lower stratosphere (LS) from the local TP up to the highest measurements of this study at Θ ∼ 410 K. In the definition of the tropical tropopause layer (TTL), we follow Fueglistaler et al (2009), i.e., for latitudes <∼ 27 • N and S and potential temperatures Θ=355−425 K.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Organic and inorganic bromine measurements around the extratropical tropopause and lowermost stratosphere: Insights into the transport pathways and total bromine

Rotermund

Bense

Chipperfield

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Abstract. We report on measurements of total bromine (Brtot) in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere taken during 15 flights with the German High Altitude and LOng range research aircraft (HALO). The research campaign WISE (Wave-driven ISentropic Exchange) included regions over the North Atlantic, Norwegian Sea and north-western Europe in fall 2017. Brtot is calculated from measured total organic bromine (Brorg) added to inorganic bromine (Bryinorg), evaluated from measured BrO and photochemical modelling. Combining these data, the weighted-mean [Brtot] is 19.2 ± 1.2 ppt in the northern hemispheric lower stratosphere (LS) in agreement with expectations for Brtot in the middle stratosphere (Engel and Rigby et al. (2018)). The data reflects the expected variability in Brtot in the LS due to variable influx of shorter-lived brominated source and product gases from different regions of entry. A closer look into Brorg and Bryinorg, as well as simultaneously measured transport tracers (CO and N2O) and an air mass lag-time tracer (SF6), suggests that bromine-rich air masses persistently protruded into the lowermost stratosphere (LMS) in boreal summer, creating a high bromine region (HBrR). A subsection, HBrR*, has a weighted average of [Brtot] = 20.9 ± 0.8 ppt. The most probable source region is former air from the tropical upper troposphere and tropopause layer (UT/TTL) with a weighted mean [Brtot] = 21.6 ± 0.7 ppt. CLaMS Lagrangian transport modelling shows that the HBrR air mass consists of 51.2 % from the tropical troposphere, 27.1 % from the stratospheric background, and 6.4 % from the mid-latitude troposphere (as well as contributions from other domains). The majority of the surface air reaching the HBrR is from the Asian monsoon and its adjacent tropical regions, which greatly influences trace gas transport into the LMS in boreal summer and fall. Tropical cyclones from Central America in addition to air associated with the Asian monsoon region contribute to the elevated Brtot observed in the UT/TTL. TOMCAT global 3–D model simulations of a concurrent increase of Brtot show an associated O3 change of −2.6 ± 0.7 % in the LS and −3.1 ± 0.7 % near the tropopause. Our study of varying Brtot in the LS also emphasizes the need for more extensive monitoring of stratospheric Brtot globally and seasonally to fully understand its impact on LMS O3 and its radiative forcing of climate, as well as in aged air in the middle stratosphere to elucidate the stratospheric trend in bromine.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Organic and inorganic bromine measurements around the extratropical tropopause and lowermost stratosphere: Insights into the transport pathways and total bromine

Rotermund

Bense

Chipperfield

et al. 2021

Preprint

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“…Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are very stable anthropogenic compounds which contribute greatly to the stratospheric ozone depletion, becoming a global environmental concern [1]. After being released into the troposphere, CFCs can reach the stratosphere because of their long atmospheric lifetimes and thus cause destruction of stratosphere ozone [2][3][4]. The Montreal Protocol (MP), aiming at avoiding further damage to the ozone layer, involves strict control regulations of Ozone-Depleting Substances (ODSs) [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition to CFC-11, tetrafluorodichloroethane (CFC-114) and pentafluoromonochloroethane (CFC-115) also showed the same global growth trend as CFC-11, posing an increasing threat to ozone recovery [9][10][11][12][13]. Moreover, recent measurements and modelling studies pointed to a significant increase in CFC-11 emissions in East Asia and especially in Eastern China, including Shandong and Hebei provinces [4,14,15]. Later on, a high level of CFC-11, about 30 pptv above the global background values, was observed in China [16,17], which further indicated its unexpected emissions in some regions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring Chlorofluorocarbons in Potential Source Regions in Eastern China

Zhen

Yang

Zhou³

et al. 2020

Atmosphere

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Recent studies have indicated that Eastern China might be a potential source region of increased atmospheric chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). To investigate this possibility, a field measurement was carried out from October to December 2017 for identifying the ambient concentration levels of representative trichlorofluoromethane (CFC-11), dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC-12), trifluorotrichloroethane (CFC-113), and tetrafluorodichloroethane (CFC-114) at the residential and municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills and industrial sites in Eastern China. The ambient mixing ratios of CFCs at residential sites were almost within 20% enhancement of the global background sites. The highest levels of CFCs were observed at the MSW landfill sites. Moreover, CFC-11 and CFC-113 concentrations at MSW landfills, which were in service, were two times higher than that at completed MSW landfills. Mean concentrations of 322 pptv for CFC-11, 791 pptv for CFC-12, 91 pptv for CFC-113, and 16 pptv for CFC-114 at various industrial sites were higher than that at residential sites, but they were obviously lower than that at MSW landfills in use. A poor intercorrelation between the CFCs indicated that they did not come from the same sources. Higher concentrations measured in this study compared with background sites indicates that MSW landfills could be an unintentional emission source and there are still substantial amounts of CFCs being stored in banks that may discharge CFCs into the atmosphere in Eastern China.

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“…The Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere (CLaMS) is developed at Forschungszentrum Jülich in Germany. It is a Lagrangian CTM (McKenna et al, 2002a, b;Pommrich et al, 2014, and references therein), which utilizes wind and temperature data of the ECMWF (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts) from ERA-Interim reanalysis data (Dee et al, 2011). CLaMS is particularly good at portraying the gradients of trace gases and the transport of air parcels, especially in the region of transport barriers, for example near the extratropical tropopause (Ex-TP) due to its Lagrangian nature (e.g., Vogel et al, 2011Vogel et al, , 2016.…”

Section: Lagrangian Modeling By Clamsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The TOMCAT/SLIMCAT (hereafter TOMCAT) 3-D offline global CTM (Chipperfield, 1999(Chipperfield, , 2006 is used here for the interpretation of the transport of trace gases from the tropical UT/TTL and Ex-TP regions into the LMS and to assess the corresponding O 3 loss. Similarly to CLaMS, the TOM-CAT model is driven by meteorology (e.g., horizontal winds, temperature, surface pressure, and convective mass fluxes) from ECMWF ERA-Interim reanalysis (Dee et al, 2011), with no feedback of the chemistry on the dynamics. In the setup used here, the model employs a hybrid vertical coordinate with terrain-following sigma levels near the surface and pressure levels at higher altitudes.…”

Section: Chemical Transport Modeling By Tomcat/slimcatmentioning

confidence: 99%

Organic and inorganic bromine measurements around the extratropical tropopause and lowermost stratosphere: insights into the transport pathways and total bromine

et al. 2021

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract. We report on measurements of total bromine (Brtot) in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere taken during 15 flights with the German High Altitude and LOng range research aircraft (HALO). The research campaign WISE (Wave-driven ISentropic Exchange) included regions over the North Atlantic, Norwegian Sea, and northwestern Europe in fall 2017. Brtot is calculated from measured total organic bromine (Brorg) added to inorganic bromine (Bryinorg), evaluated from measured BrO and photochemical modeling. Combining these data, the weighted mean [Brtot] is 19.2±1.2 ppt in the northern hemispheric lower stratosphere (LS), in agreement with expectations for Brtot in the middle stratosphere (Engel and Rigby et al., 2018). The data reflect the expected variability in Brtot in the LS due to variable influx of shorter lived brominated source and product gases from different regions of entry. A closer look into Brorg and Bryinorg, as well as simultaneously measured transport tracers (CO and N2O) and an air mass lag time tracer (SF6), suggests that bromine-rich air masses persistently protruded into the lowermost stratosphere (LMS) in boreal summer, creating a high bromine region (HBrR). A subsection, HBrR∗, has a weighted average of [Brtot] = 20.9±0.8 ppt. The most probable source region is air recently transported from the tropical upper troposphere and tropopause layer (UT/TTL) with a weighted mean of [Brtot] = 21.6±0.7 ppt. CLaMS Lagrangian transport modeling shows that the HBrR air mass consists of 51.2 % from the tropical troposphere, 27.1 % from the stratospheric background, and 6.4 % from the midlatitude troposphere (as well as contributions from other domains). The majority of the surface air reaching the HBrR is from the Asian monsoon and its adjacent tropical regions, which greatly influences trace gas transport into the LMS in boreal summer and fall. Tropical cyclones from Central America in addition to air associated with the Asian monsoon region contribute to the elevated Brtot observed in the UT/TTL. TOMCAT global 3-D model simulations of a concurrent increase of Brtot show an associated O3 change of -2.6±0.7 % in the LS and -3.1±0.7 % near the tropopause. Our study of varying Brtot in the LS also emphasizes the need for more extensive monitoring of stratospheric Brtot globally and seasonally to fully understand its impact on LMS O3 and its radiative forcing of climate, as well as in aged air in the middle stratosphere to elucidate the stratospheric trend in bromine.

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Renewed and emerging concerns over the production and emission of ozone-depleting substances

Abstract: This is a repository copy of Renewed and emerging concerns over the production and emission of ozone-depleting substances.

Cited by 47 publications

References 92 publications

Organic and inorganic bromine measurements around the extratropical tropopause and lowermost stratosphere: Insights into the transport pathways and total bromine

Organic and inorganic bromine measurements around the extratropical tropopause and lowermost stratosphere: Insights into the transport pathways and total bromine

Monitoring Chlorofluorocarbons in Potential Source Regions in Eastern China

Organic and inorganic bromine measurements around the extratropical tropopause and lowermost stratosphere: insights into the transport pathways and total bromine

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