Reorganization of Motor Function in the Cerebral Cortex of Monkeys Deprived of Motor and Premotor Areas in Infancy

Kennard, Margaret A.

doi:10.1152/jn.1938.1.6.477

Cited by 238 publications

(79 citation statements)

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“…Furthermore, the lesion area in the present experiment was smaller than that in most previous studies, in which the lesions were not confined to M1, but also affected neighboring cortical areas, including premotor and primary sensory areas (Kennard 1938;Ogden and Franz 1917;Passingham et al 1983;Travis and Woolsey 1956). In the present study, lesions were largely confined to the digit area of M1, as defined by ICMS, with much smaller lesions outside M1.…”

Section: Comparison With Previous Lesion Studies In Nonhuman Primatescontrasting

confidence: 62%

Effects of Motor Training on the Recovery of Manual Dexterity After Primary Motor Cortex Lesion in Macaque Monkeys

Murata

Higo²,

Oishi³

et al. 2008

Journal of Neurophysiology

108

102

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To investigate the effects of postlesion training on motor recovery, we compared the motor recovery of macaque monkeys that had received intensive motor training with those that received no training after a lesion of the primary motor cortex (M1). An ibotenic acid lesion in the M1 digit area resulted in impairment of hand function, with complete loss of digit movement. In the monkeys that had undergone intensive daily training (1 h/day, 5 days/wk) after the lesion, behavioral indexes used to evaluate manual dexterity recovered to the same level as in the prelesion period after 1 or 2 mo of postlesion training period. Relatively independent digit movements, including precision grip (prehension of a small object with finger-to-thumb opposition), were restored in the trained monkeys. Although the behavioral indexes of manual dexterity recovered to some extent in the monkeys without the postlesion training, they remained lower than those in the prelesion period until several months after M1 lesion. The untrained monkeys frequently used alternate grip strategies to grasp a small object with the affected hand, holding food pellets between the tip of the index finger and the dorsum of the thumb. These results suggest that the recovery after M1 lesion includes both use-dependent and use-independent processes and that the recovery of precision grip can be promoted by intensive use of the affected hand in postlesion training.

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Section: Comparison With Previous Lesion Studies In Nonhuman Primatescontrasting

confidence: 62%

Effects of Motor Training on the Recovery of Manual Dexterity After Primary Motor Cortex Lesion in Macaque Monkeys

Murata

Higo²,

Oishi³

et al. 2008

Journal of Neurophysiology

108

102

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Section: Abstract: Structural Plasticity; Rat Reaching; Motor Functimentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Evidence that new neural connections occur after perinatal brain damage in children is supported by several clinical studies (Farmer et al, 1991;C arr et al, 1993;C ao et al, 1994). Structural neuroplasticity is thought to play an essential role in recovery of function, because animals sustaining C NS lesions at a young age are known to recover much better than those sustaining similar lesions at maturity (Kennard, 1936(Kennard, , 1938Whishaw and Kolb, 1988;Armand and Kably, 1993).The lack of large scale remodeling after adult C NS lesions is not well understood, but may be attributable to several reasons, including a limitation of adult neuronal growth potential, a lack or decrease in trophic factors or guidance molecules, or the presence of growth inhibitory molecules. In this regard, limits on the capacity for mature CNS plasticity may be similar to those recently identified for CNS regeneration, for which inhibitory signals present on CNS myelin have been shown to play a crucial role (for review, see Schwab and Bartholdi, 1996).…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

Functional Recovery and Enhanced Corticofugal Plasticity after Unilateral Pyramidal Tract Lesion and Blockade of Myelin-Associated Neurite Growth Inhibitors in Adult Rats

et al. 1998

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After a lesion of the mature CNS, structural plasticity and functional recovery are very limited, in contrast to the developing CNS. The postnatal decrease in plasticity is correlated in time with the formation of myelin. To investigate the possible role of an important myelin-associated neurite growth inhibitor (NI-250; IN-1 antigen), one pyramidal tract of adult Lewis rats was lesioned (pyramidotomy), and the rats were treated with the antibody IN-1, a control antibody, or no antibody. Functional recovery was studied from postoperative day 14 until day 42 using a food pellet reaching task, rope climbing, and a grid walk paradigm. The corticofugal projections to the red nucleus and basilar pontine nuclei were analyzed after survival times of 2 and 16 weeks.Treatment with the monoclonal antibody IN-1 resulted in almost complete restoration of skilled forelimb use, whereas all the control groups showed severe and chronic impairments. This functional recovery was paralleled by sprouting of the corticorubral and the corticopontine fibers across the midline, thus establishing a bilateral, anatomically specific projection. Key words: structural plasticity; rat reaching; motor function; motor system; nucleus ruber; pons; corticospinal tract; injuryFunctional and anatomical repair of the injured adult C NS is very limited (for review, see Donoghue, 1995Donoghue, , 1997Schwab and Bartholdi, 1996). In contrast, neuroanatomical plasticity, or the restructuring of neural connections in response to lesions of the CNS, is a well documented phenomenon in the neonatal age group. After unilateral neonatal pyramidotomy in rodents, corticoefferent fibers from the same side as the lesion were found to cross the midline to form new connections with medullary nuclei and to descend to spinal cord levels . Evidence that new neural connections occur after perinatal brain damage in children is supported by several clinical studies (Farmer et al., 1991;C arr et al., 1993;C ao et al., 1994). Structural neuroplasticity is thought to play an essential role in recovery of function, because animals sustaining C NS lesions at a young age are known to recover much better than those sustaining similar lesions at maturity (Kennard, 1936(Kennard, , 1938Whishaw and Kolb, 1988;Armand and Kably, 1993).The lack of large scale remodeling after adult C NS lesions is not well understood, but may be attributable to several reasons, including a limitation of adult neuronal growth potential, a lack or decrease in trophic factors or guidance molecules, or the presence of growth inhibitory molecules. In this regard, limits on the capacity for mature CNS plasticity may be similar to those recently identified for CNS regeneration, for which inhibitory signals present on CNS myelin have been shown to play a crucial role (for review, see Schwab and Bartholdi, 1996). These specific proteins (NI-35 and NI-250) induce long-lasting growth cone collapse and inhibition of neurite growth in vitro (Caroni and Schwab, 1988a;Bandtlow et al., 1990). Neutralization by the s...

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“…Often operations in infants produce less debilitating or less persistent deficits than similar lesions in adults (Kennard, 1938 and1942;Tucker, Kling and Scharlock, 1968;Goldman, Rosvold and Mishkin, 1970;Hicks and D'Amato, 1970;Schneider, 1970;and many others). However, in at least one case (Hicks, D'Amato, Klein, Austin and French, 1969), neonatally1Research supported by grant GB 35315X from NSF, and grants MH 19793-02 and MH 11095-07 from NIMH.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comparison of the role of the motor cortex in recovery from cerebellar damage in young and adult rats

1974

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Reorganization of Motor Function in the Cerebral Cortex of Monkeys Deprived of Motor and Premotor Areas in Infancy

Cited by 238 publications

References 0 publications

Effects of Motor Training on the Recovery of Manual Dexterity After Primary Motor Cortex Lesion in Macaque Monkeys

Effects of Motor Training on the Recovery of Manual Dexterity After Primary Motor Cortex Lesion in Macaque Monkeys

Functional Recovery and Enhanced Corticofugal Plasticity after Unilateral Pyramidal Tract Lesion and Blockade of Myelin-Associated Neurite Growth Inhibitors in Adult Rats

A comparison of the role of the motor cortex in recovery from cerebellar damage in young and adult rats

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