Repairing the cracks network of hard chromium electroplated layers using plasma nitriding technique

Sarraf, Shayan Hossein; Soltanieh, M.; Aghajani, Hossein

doi:10.1016/j.vacuum.2016.02.001

Cited by 39 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…The sizes of these irregular shape precipitates are in the range of 1µm; and it can be observed how the largest particles are formed by agglomeration mechanisms. In agreement with Shayan et al 20 , who formed Cr x N and Fe 4 N on tools steel by traditional ion nitriding and active screen plasma nitriding, the development of this morphology can be attributed to the effect of cathode sputtering that commonly occurs in the ion nitriding processes.…”

Section: Surface and Cross Morphologysupporting

confidence: 90%

“…The presence of Fe 4 N reflections in 0.5° incidence angle GIXRD patterns for all nitriding samples could be explained by the sputtering phenomenon occurring on the fixtures of the nitriding system (cathode), which has been reported in thermochemical treatments assisted by plasma 20 . The sputtering intensity is a function of nitriding temperature as well as the plasma composition (N 2 /H 2 rate) so, variations in the intensity of Fe 4 N reflections can be appreciated in 0.5° GIXRD patterns.…”

Section: Phases Structurementioning

confidence: 62%

“…On the other hand, Menthe and Rie 2 reported a process of plasma nitriding on a steel with hard chromium coating at 560°C and 700°C, to different processing times (5 to 20 h), finding the formation of a chromium nitrides mixture (CrN, Cr 2 N and Cr) in the nitrided region, showing a significant improvement in corrosion resistance. Sarraf et al 20 also reported the ion nitriding technique to repair microcracks in a hard chrome surface, revealing the formation of different CrN and Cr 2 N phases after the nitriding process. The results showed an improvement in corrosion resistance, in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Corrosion Resistant CrNX Nanolayers Obtained by Low Temperature Ion Nitriding of Hard Chromium Coated AISI 1045 Steel

et al. 2021

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Chromium nitrides Cr X N have attracted research interest due to their excellent wear and corrosion properties when are deposited on steels. Nevertheless, due to the considerable difference between Cr X N and steel expansion coefficients, microcracks and delamination are still persistent problems. In this regard, this research addressed the generation of CrN X nanolayers, through an ion nitriding process, carried out on hard chromium coated AISI 1045 steel. The effect of nitriding temperature (500°C-550°C) and nitrogen content in plasma (25, 50, and 75%) on corrosion performance and layer characteristics were studied. Grazing Incidence X-ray Diffraction analysis revealed that modified surfaces are composed of nanolayers, constituted by a mixture of CrN, Cr 2 N, Cr, and Fe 4 N. Rietveld quantification shows that the fraction of chromium nitrides in the region analyzed increased with increasing both temperature and nitrogen content in plasma, resulting CrN as the predominant phase for all evaluated conditions. The electrochemical behavior of the modified nanolayers was studied by potentiodynamic polarization technique, revealing an enhancement in corrosion performance of chromium coated 1045 steel by the nitriding treatment, showing a corrosion current density 10 times lower than the untreated sample and more positive corrosion potentials for the nitrided samples concerning chromium coated 1045 steel.

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Section: Surface and Cross Morphologysupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Phases Structurementioning

confidence: 62%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Corrosion Resistant CrNX Nanolayers Obtained by Low Temperature Ion Nitriding of Hard Chromium Coated AISI 1045 Steel

et al. 2021

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“…In addition, during the hard chromium electrodeposition an intensive reaction involving the release of hydrogen is often observed leading to formation of a micro crack network along the coating, consequently reducing important properties such as corrosion resistance [2][3][4][5][6] . The microstructure of the Ni-P deposit is quite dependent of the phosphorus content and their properties change drastically as well.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Wear Behaviour of Electroless heat Treated Ni-P Coatings as Alternative to Electroplated hard Chromium Deposits

Goettems

Ferreira

2017

Mat. Res.

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In this present study was evaluated the influence of heat treatment on the wear resistance of electroless high phosphorus nickel coating (9-10% P wt.). In addition, both untreated and treated Ni-P deposits were then compared to electroplated hard chromium coatings in terms of wear behaviour. Three different heat treatment conditions were performed at temperatures of 320ºC, 400ºC and 500ºC under different holding times. The selection of the heat treatment conditions was chosen considering the results obtained by a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis. The wear behaviour of the Ni-P samples was investigated through a non-lubricated "ball on plate" test carried out against an Al 2 O 3 counter-face. After an analysis of the friction coefficient, microstructure of the worn surface, width and chemical composition of the wear track, was possible to conclude that the heat treatment affect positively the wear resistance of Ni-P coatings. Treatment conditions of 320ºC with 9 hours holding time and 400ºC with 1 hour holding time showed the best results due to a structural change from amorphous supersatured solid solution of phosphorus in nickel to a crystalline structure of nickel crystallites and nickel phosphides (Ni 3 P) occurred between 320ºC and 360ºC that was verified after x-ray diffraction analysis. Moreover, Ni-P heat treated coatings showed better results when compared to electroplated hard chromium deposits, hence acting as a natural alternative for chromed coatings.

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“…), is the application of suitable coatings. Due to their suitable chemical and physical properties, mainly chromium coatings are used, created by the process of hard chromium plating (sometimes referred to as functional chromium plating) [9,10,11]. Hard chromium plating is an electrochemical process used to deposit a layer of chromium on a substrate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Possibilities of Using the Duplex System Plasma Nitriding + CrN Coating for Special Components

Dobrocký¹,

Pokorny²,

Joska³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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The purpose of material selection and surface treatment for a given component is to assure the weapon's failure-free and dependable operation throughout its life time. At the same time, the material and surface technology chosen must take into account the chosen manufacturing method in terms of material attributes, as well as the economics and ecology of production. A gas piston is one of the most visible parts of high-performance small weapons (automatic rifles) that provides its own drive (automation of the functional cycle). The pressure and temperature of the propellant gases, as well as dynamic shocks and wear, put a lot of strain on the gas piston, which puts a lot of strain on the piston material. Steel C55, 80Mn4, 31NiCr14, 42CrMo4, X30Cr13, and X30WCrV9.3 are the most common materials for gas pistons, which are hard chrome plated. Hard chromium plating, which is extremely damaging to the environment and human health, is currently being replaced by PVD or CVD methods. PVD coating deposition processes, for example, have shown to be viable options. Surface treatments including the application of layers and subsequent deposition of coatings are one option (duplex system). The article discusses the use of CrN coating to replace hard chromium plating and the duplex system plasma nitriding + CrN coating (hence PN + CrN). For testing, 42CrMo4 steel was chosen. The strong chrome coating as well as the CrN coating itself were compared to the PN + CrN duplex system. The mechanical and tribological properties, as well as the shape and texture of the surface, were all examined. For exposed sections of small weapons, the PN + CrN duplex system has proven to be a viable alternative to hard chrome coating.

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Repairing the cracks network of hard chromium electroplated layers using plasma nitriding technique

Cited by 39 publications

References 34 publications

Corrosion Resistant CrNX Nanolayers Obtained by Low Temperature Ion Nitriding of Hard Chromium Coated AISI 1045 Steel

Corrosion Resistant CrNX Nanolayers Obtained by Low Temperature Ion Nitriding of Hard Chromium Coated AISI 1045 Steel

Wear Behaviour of Electroless heat Treated Ni-P Coatings as Alternative to Electroplated hard Chromium Deposits

Possibilities of Using the Duplex System Plasma Nitriding + CrN Coating for Special Components

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