Repeatability indices for the Adams D‐15 test for colour‐normal and colour‐defective adults

Hovis, Jeffery K.; Ramaswamy, Shankaran; Anderson, Matthew

doi:10.1111/j.1444-0938.2004.tb05062.x

Cited by 6 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…This study is in agreement with previous reports that the Adams desaturated D-15 is often abnormal in diabetes patients without and with retinopathy [11, 20, 34]. In eyes without retinopathy, CCS was more often abnormal than either central or peripheral mfERG IT.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

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Color vision and neuroretinal function in diabetes

et al. 2014

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Purpose We investigate how type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and diabetic retinopathy (DR) affect color vision (CV) and mfERG implicit time (IT), whether CV and IT are correlated, and whether CV and IT abnormality classifications agree. Methods Adams desaturated D-15 color test, mfERG, and fundus photographs were examined in 37 controls, 22 T2DM patients without DR (NoRet group), and 25 T2DM patients with DR (Ret group). Color confusion score (CCS) was calculated. ITs were averaged within the central 7 hexagons (central IT; ≥4.5°) and outside this area (peripheral IT; ≤4.5°). DR was within (DRIN) or outside (DROUT) of the central 7 hexagons. Group differences, percentages of abnormalities, correlations, and agreement were determined. Results CCS was greater in the NoRet (P = 0.002) and Ret (P < 0.0001) groups than in control group. CCS was abnormal in 3, 41, and 48 % of eyes in the control, NoRet, and Ret groups, respectively. Ret group CV abnormalities were more frequent in DRIN than in DROUT subgroups (71 vs. 18 %, respectively; P < 0.0001). CCS and IT were correlated only in the Ret group, in both retinal zones (P ≥ 0.028). Only in the Ret group did CCS and peripheral IT abnormality classifications agree (72 %; P < 0.05). Conclusion CV is affected in patients with T2DM, even without DR. Central DR increases the likelihood of a CV deficit compared with non-central DR. mfERG IT averaged across central or peripheral retinal locations is less frequently abnormal than CV in the absence of DR, and these two measures are correlated only when DR is present.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…The CCS criterion of 20.5 reflects multiple single-place errors or 2 or more crossings in color space. This criterion improves repeatability of testing over more strict criteria [34]. Differences in the rate of abnormalities were examined using binomial probabilities.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Color vision and neuroretinal function in diabetes

et al. 2014

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“…Repeatability of the Adams test is very high when using failure criteria comparable to that used here 15 indicating an absence of significant learning effects. Therefore, the experience of having performed the Adams test is unlikely to have resulted in an advantage for the saturated test that followed it.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 73%

“…Farnsworth's D-15 was designed to only detect defects sufficiently severe to affect performance in daily life. 15 In contrast, Adams’ desaturated test was designed to detect more subtle acquired defects. For the Adams desaturated test about 15% of the youngest age group fail compared to approximately 60% in the oldest age groups.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Panel D-15 Tests in a Large Older Population

Schneck

Hægerström-Portnoy

Lott³

et al. 2014

Optometry and Vision Science

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Purpose To determine the frequency and type of color vision defects in a large group of randomly selected older people using two versions of the D-15, and to examine the agreement between the two tests. Methods The Adams desaturated D-15 test was administered under illuminant C (MacBeth lamp, ~100 lux) to a group of 865 individuals aged 58 to 102 years of age (mean 75.2 ± 9.1). No exclusion criteria, other than reported presence of a congenital color defect, were applied. Testing was binocular with habitual near correction. If any error was made on this test, the Farnsworth D-15 was administered under identical conditions. On both tests, a color confusion score of ≥30 was considered failing and for those failing the test, color defect type (blue-yellow, red-green, or non-selective) was determined using the method of Vingrys and King-Smith (1988). Results The majority (60.8%) of the people tested passed both tests. For the sample as a whole, the failure rates of the Adams desaturated D-15 and the Farnsworth D-15 were 36.2% and 20.76% respectively. As expected, for both tests, failure rate increased markedly with age. Among those who failed both tests, 17.5% of the population, the proportion of specific agreement for red- green and blue-yellow defects was high, 88%. The vast majority of those failing either or both tests had blue-yellow defects, in agreement with prior studies. Conclusions Blue-yellow defects were quite common among the aged, becoming increasingly prevalent with increasing age. More people failed the Adams’ desaturated D-15 than the Farnsworth D-15, but among those that failed, the proportion of blue-yellow defects was similar for the two tests, approximately 75%. The agreement between the two tests in identifying acquired red-green and blue-yellow errors was high.

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“…Hovis and coworkers 19 recently reported on the reliability of the Adams Desaturated D-15 test relative to classification of normal and color vision-defective individuals. The Adams test has desaturated color caps like the Lanthony test; however, with the Adams test, cap value (lightness) matches those for the Farnsworth test.…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

The Reliability of the Lanthony Desaturated D-15 Test

Good¹,

Schepler²,

Nichols³

2005

Optometry and Vision Science

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Although the Lanthony Desaturated D-15 test can be used to assess fine color discrimination, there is considerable within-subject variability in test results. The intraclass correlation coefficient is less than that recommended for use in clinical testing or research. Clinicians should consider at least three administrations of the test at each sitting to ensure precision and we recommend taking the mean of those three tests.

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Repeatability indices for the Adams D‐15 test for colour‐normal and colour‐defective adults

Cited by 6 publications

References 5 publications

Color vision and neuroretinal function in diabetes

Color vision and neuroretinal function in diabetes

Comparison of Panel D-15 Tests in a Large Older Population

The Reliability of the Lanthony Desaturated D-15 Test

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