Repeated Bout Effect Was More Expressed in Young Adult Males Than in Elderly Males and Boys

Abstract

This study investigated possible differences using the same stretch-shortening exercise (SSE) protocol on generally accepted monitoring markers (dependent variables: changes in creatine kinase, muscle soreness, and voluntary and electrically evoked torque) in males across three lifespan stages (childhood versus adulthood versus old age). The protocol consisted of 100 intermittent (30 s interval between jumps) drop jumps to determine the repeated bout effect (RBE) (first and second bouts performed at a 2-week interval). The results showed that indirect symptoms of exercise-induced muscle damage after SSE were more expressed in adult males than in boys and elderly males, suggesting that the muscles of boys and elderly males are more resistant to exercise-induced damage than those of adult males. RBE was more pronounced in adult males than in boys and elderly males, suggesting that the muscles of boys and elderly males are less adaptive to exercise-induced muscle damage than those of adult males.

Is There a Progressive Withdrawal of Physiological Protections against High-Intensity Exercise-Induced Fatigue during Puberty?

“…Some studies found no difference between children and adults [48] and between adolescents and adults [49] during isokinetic contractions. Similar conclusions have also been reported between children and adults during isometric tasks [33,42,[50][51][52]. However, some authors observed higher co-activation levels during submaximal isometric contractions in children compared to adults [44], with a level of antagonist co-activation, which tended to decline between seven and 11 years.…”

“…According to the Amann and Noakes' theories, this lower peripheral fatigue should result in reduced afferent feedback and therefore a reduced central fatigue in children, if no specific protective mechanism is involved. This is actually what Gorianovas et al [52] reported following a fatiguing plyometric exercise in children compared to adults. However, the same team also observed a greater central fatigue in adolescents compared to adults after a sustained voluntary maximal contraction of the knee extensors [38].…”

Eccentric cycling is more efficient in reducing fat mass than concentric cycling in adolescents with obesity

“…Several methodological issues could explain the relatively limited number of studies that have compared the effects of ECC and CON exercises: (a) the difficulty in isolating ECC and CON actions during typical everyday movements; (b) the rigorous methodology required to compare ECC and CON exercise in standardized experimental conditions of power output (ie, at the same mechanical power) or oxygen consumption (ie, at the same metabolic rate or oxygen consumption [] level, with mechanical power 3‐5 times higher during ECC cycling); and (c) specific ECC pedal ergometers have only acquired widespread usage in the last decade. However, to date, only a few studies have focused on ECC training in pediatric populations, none of which have tested ECC cycling training. To our knowledge, the impact of ECC cycling training on all aspects of total and segmental body composition has not yet been explored in adult or young obese patients.…”

The influence of maturation on the reliability of the Nordic hamstring exercise in male youth footballers

“…That is, the high force and lengthening nature of eccentric actions might cause damage to the muscle. However, it has consistently been reported that bouts of eccentric exercise in youths results in similar, and often attenuated, symptoms of exercise‐induced muscle damage, as compared with adults . When used longitudinally, eccentrically biased training can provide a range of benefits including enhanced concentric and eccentric strength, change of direction ability, sprint and jump performance, and decreased injury incidence .…”