Repetition and Rated Truth Value of Statements

Schwartz, Marian

doi:10.2307/1422132

Cited by 105 publications

(89 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Both effects failed to occur when homogeneous lists of only repeated stimuli were presented at time of rating. The little evidence we found in the literature corroborates our results that homogenous lists produce rather weak effects at best (Schwartz et al, 1982;Zajonc et al, 1971). Before we turn to a theoretical explanation of the effect, we would like to point out the methodological implications of this finding.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…In nearly all studies, participants were presented with mixed lists of old and new stimuli in the test phase (heterogeneous lists). A recent meta-analysis on the truth effect (Dechêne, Stahl, Hansen, & Wänke, submitted for publication) found only a single study that used a homogeneous list of only old statements at test (Schwartz, 1982); in this study, the truth effect emerged only for one set of items but not for another, and the effect size was rather small. Thus, it is possible that the type of test list may influence the truth effect.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 57%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Mix me a list: Context moderates the truth effect and the mere-exposure effect

Dechêne

Stahl

Hansen

et al. 2009

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 57%

Mix me a list: Context moderates the truth effect and the mere-exposure effect

Dechêne

Stahl

Hansen

et al. 2009

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology

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“…The major finding was that both true and false repeated statements were judged to be more true than new statements. This "truth effect" has been reproduced by several other investigators (e.g., Arkes, Boehm, & Xu, 1991;Arkes, Hackett, & Boehm, 1989;Bacon, 1979;Begg et al, 1992;Swartz, 1982) and its generality has been established by studies showing that repetition of opinion statements (Arkes et al, 1989), statements that are initially rated as false (Arkes et al, 1989), and even parts of a statement increase subsequent truth ratings (Begg, Armour, & Kerr, 1985).…”

supporting

confidence: 53%

Aging and credibility judgment

Mutter

Lindsey

Pliske

1995

Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition

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“…4). Hasher et al's (1977) findings were replicated using very short intervals between repetitions (Schwartz, 1982) and in settings outside of the laboratory, with the general public (Gigerenzer, 1984). Bacon (1979) suggested that it is not objective frequency per se that increases confidence, but whether an assertion is merely recognized as old (repeated) or new (not repeated).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The reiteration effect in hindsight bias.

Hertwig

Gigerenzer

Hoffrage

1997

Psychological Review

144

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Repetition of an assertion increases the degree of belief in that assertion. This reiteration effect is used to explain two puzzling findings in research on hindsight bias. First, the reiteration effect explains the asymmetry in hindsight bias for true and false assertions. This striking asymmetry has often been observed in experimental studies, but no rationale has yet been found. Second, the reiteration effect predicts a novel finding: Recalled confidence will increase in hindsight bias studies even if no feedback is given. The authors have checked both predictions against results reported in the literature; with some exceptions, the evidence supports them.The aim of this article is to relate two hitherto unrelated phenomena in human confidence. These two phenomena are that (a) confidence in the truth of an assertion increases after the assertion is repeated, independent of its truth or falsity (e.g., Bacon, 1979;, and (b) recollection of confidence is systematically distorted after feedback about the actual truth or falsity has been received (known as "hindsight bias," e.g., Hawkins & Hastie, 1990). The effects of repetition and feedback on confidence are part of a group of puzzling phenomena related to human confidence that includes overconfidence, the hard-easy effect, and conservatism. Some two decades of research have yielded a rich phenomenology of these effects but have failed to produce theoretical models to describe the underlying cognitive processes. A consequence of this is that these phenomena are listed in textbooks side by side with little or no theoretical integration.This article seeks to provide a model for how two of these phenomena--the effect of repetition (which we term the reiteration effect) and the effect of feedback on confidence (the hindsight bias)--are linked. This article consists of three sections: a brief introduction of the reiteration effect and the hindsight bias; an exposition of the proposed model, including two predictions; and a test of these predictions. Foules (1895Foules ( /1995, an "affirmation, however, has no real influence unless it be constantly repeated, and so far as possible in the same terms. It was Napoleon, I believe, who said that there is only one figure in rhetoric of serious importance, namely, repetition. The thing affirmed comes by repetition to fix itself in the mind in such a way that it is accepted in the end as a demonstrated truth" (pp. 146-147). This rhetorical princip l e -r e i t e r a t i n g assertions to make them more believable--has been known and exploited by innumerable real and fictitious communicators throughout history, for instance, by Quintilian (quoted in Lausberg, 1990, p. 311), Ronald Reagan (Hertsgaard, 1988, and Marcus Antonius in Shakespeare's Julius Caesar ( 3.2.73 -107 ).In the last 20 years the relationship between repetition and degree of belief has been independently rediscovered in psychological laboratories and put to experimental test. seem to have been the first to demonstrate that (a) repetition of an assertion incr...

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Repetition and Rated Truth Value of Statements

Cited by 105 publications

References 5 publications

Mix me a list: Context moderates the truth effect and the mere-exposure effect

Mix me a list: Context moderates the truth effect and the mere-exposure effect

Aging and credibility judgment

The reiteration effect in hindsight bias.

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