Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of the Primary Motor Cortex beyond Motor Rehabilitation: A Review of the Current Evidence

Tomeh, Abdulhameed; Khan, Abdul Hanif Khan Yusof; Mat, Liyana Najwa Inche; Basri, Hamidon; Sulaiman, Wan Aliaa Wan

doi:10.3390/brainsci12060761

Cited by 9 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 182 publications

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“…In line with these findings, it has been proposed that abnormal activation in the sensorimotor network can have a role in the development of fatigue in MS patients (56,60) to the point where specific brain areas have become the target of novel treatments against fatigue. For example, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, in which magnetic field pulses are administered to a brain area to induce lasting synaptic changes (61), has been applied to the primary motor cortex to improve fatigue in several diseases, including multiple sclerosis (62). Therapeutic exercise is a powerful tool to induce plastic changes in areas of the sensorimotor network (63).…”

Section: How Would Balance Training Improve Fatigue?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Fatigue may improve equally after balance and endurance training in multiple sclerosis: a randomised, crossover clinical trial

Perucca,

Scarano,

Russo

et al. 2024

Front. Neurol.

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IntroductionFatigue and poor balance are frequent and severe problems in multiple sclerosis (MS) that may interact. Endurance training is known to be effective on fatigue. This study aims to test if balance training is more effective against MS fatigue.MethodsA randomised crossover trial was run, recruiting 31 MS people (21 women; median age: 46 years, range: 30–64; median EDSS: 4, range: 2.5–5). Participants received balance and endurance training alternately (15 one-to-one sessions, 5 days/week) and were assessed before (T0), after (T1), and 30 days after treatment ended (T2). The Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS) with scores linearised through Rasch analysis was the primary outcome (the lower the measure, the better the condition, i.e., the lower the fatigue symptoms). The Equiscale balance scale and posturography (EquiTest) were used to assess balance. Linear mixed-effects models with ANOVA were used for significance testing.ResultsThirteen participants had no carryover effect and were included in the primary analysis. Fatigue significantly changed across the three time points (F2,58 = 16.0; p < 0.001), but no difference across treatments was found. Altogether, both treatments significantly improved the MFIS measure at T1 (95%CI: −1.24 logits; mean: −1.67 to −0.81 logits) and T2 (95%CI: −1.04; mean: −1.49 to −0.60) compared to T0 (95%CI: −0.51; mean: −0.95 to −0.08; p ≤ 0.001). Equiscale and posturography highlighted balance improvement after balance training but not after endurance training.ConclusionBalance and endurance training could similarly reduce fatigue in MS patients in the short term. However, only balance training also improved balance in MS.

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Section: How Would Balance Training Improve Fatigue?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Fatigue may improve equally after balance and endurance training in multiple sclerosis: a randomised, crossover clinical trial

Perucca,

Scarano,

Russo

et al. 2024

Front. Neurol.

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“…M1 region has traditionally been considered as a therapeutic target for exercise rehabilitation. However, studies have found that transcranial stimulation in M1 region has significant therapeutic effects on pain, swallowing disorders, sleep disorders, cognitive dysfunction, consciousness disorders, anxiety, depression, and other non-functional disorders [15]. Shen et al [16] randomly divided 99 patients with VS after traumatic brain injury into three groups.…”

Section: Tms Is At the Stimulation Site Of Patients With Consciousnes...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Research Progress of Different Modes of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Patients with Consciousness Disturbance

Liu,

Gao,

Yang

et al. 2024

IJCEMR

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“…It is reported that low-frequency (≦1 Hz) repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (LF-rTMS) elicits inhibitory effects [ 13 ] and high-frequency (≧5 Hz) repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (HF-rTMS) incurs excitatory effects [ 14 ]. Based on the aforementioned basic principles, rTMS has been widely used in neuroscientific research and various clinical conditions encompassing depression, anxiety, psychiatric diseases, post-stroke complications (motor deficits, aphasia and dysphagia), movement disorders, consciousness disorders, cognitive impairments and pain [ 15 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Neuropathic Pain: A Narrative Review

Tsai

Han

et al. 2023

Life

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Neuropathic pain, affecting 6.9–10% of the general population, has a negative impact on patients’ quality of life and potentially leads to functional impairment and disability. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)—a safe, indirect and non-invasive technique—has been increasingly applied for treating neuropathic pain. The mechanism underlying rTMS is not yet well understood, and the analgesic effects of rTMS have been inconsistent with respect to different settings/parameters, causing insufficient evidence to determine its efficacy in patients with neuropathic pain. This narrative review aimed to provide an up-to-date overview of rTMS for treating neuropathic pain as well as to summarize the treatment protocols and related adverse effects from existing clinical trials. Current evidence supports the use of 10 Hz HF-rTMS of the primary motor cortex to reduce neuropathic pain, especially in patients with spinal cord injury, diabetic neuropathy and post-herpetic neuralgia. However, the lack of standardized protocols impedes the universal use of rTMS for neuropathic pain. rTMS was hypothesized to achieve analgesic effects by upregulating the pain threshold, inhibiting pain impulse, modulating the brain cortex, altering imbalanced functional connectivity, regulating neurotrophin and increasing endogenous opioid and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Further studies are warranted to explore the differences in the parameters/settings of rTMS for treating neuropathic pain due to different disease types.

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Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of the Primary Motor Cortex beyond Motor Rehabilitation: A Review of the Current Evidence

Cited by 9 publications

References 182 publications

Fatigue may improve equally after balance and endurance training in multiple sclerosis: a randomised, crossover clinical trial

Fatigue may improve equally after balance and endurance training in multiple sclerosis: a randomised, crossover clinical trial

Research Progress of Different Modes of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Patients with Consciousness Disturbance

Application of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Neuropathic Pain: A Narrative Review

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