Replacement of neuraminidase inhibitor‐susceptible influenza A(H1N1) with resistant phenotype in 2008 and circulation of susceptible influenza A and B viruses during 2009‐2013, South Africa

Treurnicht, Florette K.; Buys, Amelia; Tempia, Stefano; Seleka, Mpho; Cohen, Adam L.; Walaza, Sibongile; Glass, Allison; Rossouw, Inéz; McAnerney, Johanna M.; Blumberg, Lucille; Cohen, Cheryl; Venter, Marietjie

doi:10.1111/irv.12611

Cited by 5 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…Oseltamivir-resistant H1N1 strains with N1 substitution H275Y (H274Y, N2 numbering) emerged at different times in 2008 and circulated at high frequencies (70–100%) in several African countries. The first H1N1-H275Y variant was sampled in Cameroon in late February, Ivory Coast and Seychelles in April, South Africa in May, and Senegal in July 2008 [ 37 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 88 , 104 , 105 ]. The H1N1-H275Y variants had additional N1 substitutions unique to the country of sampling: South Africa (M23L, N73K) [ 37 ], Senegal (S141N, G185A) [ 41 ], and Cameroon, Ivory Coast, and Seychelles (D354G) [ 40 , 88 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The H1N1-H275Y variants had additional N1 substitutions unique to the country of sampling: South Africa (M23L, N73K) [ 37 ], Senegal (S141N, G185A) [ 41 ], and Cameroon, Ivory Coast, and Seychelles (D354G) [ 40 , 88 ]. Neuraminidase inhibition (NAI) assays confirmed that Africa H1N1-H275Y variants were resistant to oseltamivir and peramivir but susceptible to zanamivir [ 37 , 39 , 40 , 104 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Africa pH1N1pdm09 virus strains showed early evolution from the A/California/07/2009(H1N1) vaccine strain recommended for global use during the 2010–2016 seasons. The complete H1 gene and protein sequences of the pH1N1pdm09 strains were 97–99.5% and 98.4–99.5% similar to the A/California/07/2009(H1N1) vaccine strain [ 46 , 47 , 48 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 62 , 65 , 93 , 104 ]. Partial H1 gene sequences of H1N1pdm09 strains sampled from the Central African Republic (CAR) in 2010 [ 59 ] and South Africa (Cape Town) in April–July 2011 [ 65 ] were 99–100% and 96.6–98.5% similar to the A/California/07/2009(H1N1) strain, respectively.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Molecular Epidemiology and Evolutionary Dynamics of Human Influenza Type-A Viruses in Africa: A Systematic Review

et al. 2022

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Genomic characterization of circulating influenza type-A viruses (IAVs) directs the selection of appropriate vaccine formulations and early detection of potentially pandemic virus strains. However, longitudinal data on the genomic evolution and transmission of IAVs in Africa are scarce, limiting Africa’s benefits from potential influenza control strategies. We searched seven databases: African Journals Online, Embase, Global Health, Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science according to the PRISMA guidelines for studies that sequenced and/or genomically characterized Africa IAVs. Our review highlights the emergence and diversification of IAVs in Africa since 1993. Circulating strains continuously acquired new amino acid substitutions at the major antigenic and potential N-linked glycosylation sites in their hemagglutinin proteins, which dramatically affected vaccine protectiveness. Africa IAVs phylogenetically mixed with global strains forming strong temporal and geographical evolution structures. Phylogeographic analyses confirmed that viral migration into Africa from abroad, especially South Asia, Europe, and North America, and extensive local viral mixing sustained the genomic diversity, antigenic drift, and persistence of IAVs in Africa. However, the role of reassortment and zoonosis remains unknown. Interestingly, we observed substitutions and clades and persistent viral lineages unique to Africa. Therefore, Africa’s contribution to the global influenza ecology may be understated. Our results were geographically biased, with data from 63% (34/54) of African countries. Thus, there is a need to expand influenza surveillance across Africa and prioritize routine whole-genome sequencing and genomic analysis to detect new strains early for effective viral control.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Molecular Epidemiology and Evolutionary Dynamics of Human Influenza Type-A Viruses in Africa: A Systematic Review

et al. 2022

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“…This finding is not unexpected since neuraminidase resistance or reduced susceptibility is not often detected in influenza B viruses (1%) and has not been detected in South African samples positive for influenza A and B viruses during 2009 to 2013. 25 , 30 , 31 This study only looked at oseltamivir resistance, since oral oseltamivir is available in South Africa, although not routinely used. Resistance should be monitored since it is recommended to treat patients at high risk of developing severe illness.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…NA sequences generated were screened for the presence of known molecular markers of neuraminidase inhibitor (Oseltamivir) resistance that demonstrated clinical relevance in influenza B viruses (R150K, D197E). 24,25 T A B L E 1 Description of influenza surveillance programmes in South Africa, 2018…”

Section: Phylogenetic Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Victoria lineage influenza B viruses with K162 and N163 deletions in the hemagglutinin gene, South Africa, 2018

Hellferscee

Treurnicht

Gaelejwe

et al. 2021

Health Science Reports

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Background A group of Victoria lineage influenza B viruses with a two amino acid deletion in the hemagglutinin (HA) at residues K162 and N163, was detected during the 2016 to 2017 Northern Hemisphere influenza season and continues to spread geographically. We describe the first identification of viruses with these deletions from South Africa in 2018. Methods Nasopharyngeal samples were obtained from the syndromic surveillance programs. Real‐time reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction was used for virus detection and lineage determination. Influenza genetic characterization was done using next‐generation sequencing on the MiSeq platform. The duration of virus circulation was determined using thresholds calculated using the Moving Epidemic Method; duration was used as an indicator of disease transmissibility and impact. Results In 2018, 42% (426/1015) of influenza‐positive specimens were influenza B viruses. Of 426 influenza B‐positive samples, 376 (88%) had the lineage determined of which 75% (283/376) were Victoria lineage. The transmissibility of the 2018 South African influenza season was high for a few weeks, although the severity remained moderate through most of the season. The sequenced 2018 South African Victoria lineage influenza B viruses clustered in sub‐clade V1A.1 with the 162‐163 deletions. Conclusions We report the first detection of the 162‐163 deletion variant of influenza B/Victoria viruses from South Africa in 2018, and suggest that this deletion variant replaced the previous circulating influenza B/Victoria viruses. These deletions putatively affect the antigenic properties of the viruses because they border an immune‐dominant region at the tip of the HA. Therefore, close monitoring of these newly emerging viruses is essential.

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Low replicative fitness of neuraminidase inhibitor-resistant H7N9 avian influenza a virus with R292K substitution in neuraminidase in cynomolgus macaques compared with I222T substitution

et al. 2020

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Replacement of neuraminidase inhibitor‐susceptible influenza A(H1N1) with resistant phenotype in 2008 and circulation of susceptible influenza A and B viruses during 2009‐2013, South Africa

Abstract: We confirm replacement of NAI susceptible by resistant phenotype influenza A(H1N1) in 2008. Influenza A and B viruses (2009-2013) remained susceptible to NAIs; therefore, these drugs are useful for treating influenza-infected patients.

Cited by 5 publications

References 47 publications

Molecular Epidemiology and Evolutionary Dynamics of Human Influenza Type-A Viruses in Africa: A Systematic Review

Molecular Epidemiology and Evolutionary Dynamics of Human Influenza Type-A Viruses in Africa: A Systematic Review

Detection of Victoria lineage influenza B viruses with K162 and N163 deletions in the hemagglutinin gene, South Africa, 2018

Low replicative fitness of neuraminidase inhibitor-resistant H7N9 avian influenza a virus with R292K substitution in neuraminidase in cynomolgus macaques compared with I222T substitution

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