Replacement policy of residential lighting optimized for cost, energy, and greenhouse gas emissions

Abstract

Accounting for 10% of the electricity consumption in the US, artificial lighting represents one of the easiest ways to cut household energy bills and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by upgrading to energy-efficient technologies such as compact fluorescent lamps (CFL) and light emitting diodes (LED). However, given the high initial cost and rapidly improving trajectory of solid-state lighting today, estimating the right time to switch over to LEDs from a cost, primary energy, and GHG emissions perspective is not a straightforward problem. This is an optimal replacement problem that depends on many determinants, including how often the lamp is used, the state of the initial lamp, and the trajectories of lighting technology and of electricity generation. In this paper, multiple replacement scenarios of a 60 watt-equivalent A19 lamp are analyzed and for each scenario, a few replacement policies are recommended. For example, at an average use of 3 hr day −1 (US average), it may be optimal both economically and energetically to delay the adoption of LEDs until 2020 with the use of CFLs, whereas purchasing LEDs today may be optimal in terms of GHG emissions. In contrast, incandescent and halogen lamps should be replaced immediately. Based on expected LED improvement, upgrading LED lamps before the end of their rated lifetime may provide cost and environmental savings over time by taking advantage of the higher energy efficiency of newer models.

The circadian clock and metabolic homeostasis: entangled networks

“…The last decade witnessed a worldwide movement to replace traditional lamps for LEDs due to their high energy efficiency [ 48 ]. However, such LEDs display a sharp blue emitting peak that is able to influence our circadian system via OPN4-detection in the eye [ 49 ] and may promote eye-related pathologies [ 50 ].…”

LED lighting systems for smart buildings: a review

“…On the other hand, the GHG protocol establishes comprehensive global standardised frameworks to measure and manage GHG emissions from private and public sector operations, value chains and mitigation actions. A replacement policy of residential lighting optimised for cost, energy, and GHG emissions is presented in [14], where for each lamp technology, data of cost, primary energy, and GHG emissions is collected for the production, transportation, use, and end of life stages, where all GHG emissions are expressed in global warming potential (GWP) values, that includes the 100‐year time horizon GWP relative to CO 2 . The use of the fourth assessment report (AR4) values is recommended in AR4 GWP‐100 [14, 15].…”

Carbon Footprint Reduction through Residential Building Stock Retrofit: A Metro Melbourne Suburb Case Study

“…Many studies have been conducted to increase the energy efficiency and reduce the GHG emissions of existing buildings. Many are related to the upgrade of space conditioning [10][11][12][13][14], hotwater systems [15][16][17], lighting systems [18][19][20][21], electronic appliances [22][23][24] or plug load [25][26][27]. These studies have analyzed the overall energy consumption reduction effect by upgrading major building systems using representative residential buildings by region.…”