Replaying the Game: Hypnagogic Images in Normals and Amnesics

Stickgold, Robert; Malia, April; Maguire, David; Roddenberry, David; O’Connor, Margaret

doi:10.1126/science.290.5490.350

Cited by 214 publications

(149 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…During REM sleep, however, high levels of acetylcholine in the hippocampus suppress feedback from hippocampus to the neocortex, whereas lower levels of acetylcholine and norepinephrine in the neocortex could facilitate the spread of activity within neocortical areas without strong hippocampal influence (37). This is supported by behavioral evidence from amnesiacs that activation of this associative network during sleep is independent of the medial temporal lobe structures and may reflect reactivation of remote memories that are less dependent on the hippocampus (38). In this theoretical framework, REM sleep would allow neocortical structures to reorganize associative hierarchies, in which information from the hippocampus would be reinterpreted in relation to previous semantic representations or nodes.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 60%

REM, not incubation, improves creativity by priming associative networks

Cai

Mednick

Harrison

et al. 2009

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

424

331

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The hypothesized role of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, which is rich in dreams, in the formation of new associations, has remained anecdotal. We examined the role of REM on creative problem solving, with the Remote Associates Test (RAT). Using a nap paradigm, we manipulated various conditions of prior exposure to elements of a creative problem. Compared with quiet rest and non-REM sleep, REM enhanced the formation of associative networks and the integration of unassociated information. Furthermore, these REM sleep benefits were not the result of an improved memory for the primed items. This study shows that compared with quiet rest and non-REM sleep, REM enhances the integration of unassociated information for creative problem solving, a process, we hypothesize, that is facilitated by cholinergic and noradrenergic neuromodulation during REM sleep.The night before Easter Sunday of that year I awoke, turned on the light, and jotted down a few notes on a tiny slip of paper. Then I fell asleep again. It occurred to me at 6 o'clock in the morning that during the night I had written down something most important, but I was unable to decipher the scrawl. The next night, at 3 o'clock, the idea returned. It was the design of an experiment to determine whether or not the hypothesis of chemical transmission that I had uttered 17 years ago was correct. I got up immediately, went to the laboratory, and performed a single experiment on a frog's heart according to the nocturnal design.Otto Loewi, 1938 German, Nobel laureate for his work on the chemical transmission of nerve impulses.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 60%

REM, not incubation, improves creativity by priming associative networks

Cai

Mednick

Harrison

et al. 2009

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

424

331

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…However, the possibility that these heterogeneities could be linked to the known intra- (14) and interindividual (7,8) local variations in cortical EEG power during sleep and in preceding local brain activities during waking periods (37-39) cannot be ignored. In addition to this challenge, our results reveal that extensive cortical territories remain activated for several minutes after the thalamic deactivation at sleep onset, a situation that may be propitious to the development of hypnagogic experiences so common during the wake-sleep transition (40,41). In addition, the errors in self-reported sleep latency which commonly is overestimated by several minutes with respect to the objective (polysomnographic) sleep onset (42,43), might result from these persistent and topographically heterogeneous cortical activities.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thalamic deactivation at sleep onset precedes that of the cerebral cortex in humans

Magnin

Rey

Bastuji

et al. 2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

197

147

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Thalamic and cortical activities are assumed to be time-locked throughout all vigilance states. Using simultaneous intracortical and intrathalamic recordings, we demonstrate here that the thalamic deactivation occurring at sleep onset most often precedes that of the cortex by several minutes, whereas reactivation of both structures during awakening is synchronized. Delays between thalamus and cortex deactivations can vary from one subject to another when a similar cortical region is considered. In addition, heterogeneity in activity levels throughout the cortical mantle is larger than previously thought during the descent into sleep. Thus, asynchronous thalamocortical deactivation while falling asleep probably explains the production of hypnagogic hallucinations by a still-activated cortex and the common self-overestimation of the time needed to fall asleep.A bundant electrophysiological and functional imaging data have revealed that sleep-related brain activity is not the result of a global deactivation of cerebral structures but rather is a multifocal process associated with local changes in brain activities (1-10). Examples of such functional heterogeneities are, among others, the fronto-occipital gradient in cortical activity during sleep (1, 2), the preponderant fronto-parietal localization of sleep spindles (3, 4), and interhemispheric imbalanced activity (5, 6). So far, very few studies have addressed the time course of these regional differences during transitions between vigilance states (11)(12)(13)(14), and most of these studies were based on scalp recordings performed during stable periods of wakefulness or sleep. Although reports that favor some asynchrony of sleep-onset activity between the different cortical areas are accumulating, there still is a firm belief that thalamic and cortical activities are tightly coupled, at both the cellular and integrative level, during wakefulness and sleep (15)(16)(17)(18). Recent intracranial data in humans, however, indicate that, during both paradoxical (rapid eye movement) sleep and sleep stage 2, thalamic and cortical activities may alternate periods of coupling and decoupling (19,20). In this context, the question is whether the dynamics of the neuronal deactivation that characterizes the transition from wakefulness to sleep is identical in thalamus and cortex, or, conversely, whether transient decoupling may occur at this transition time that would suggest different sleep-onset timing in these two structures. The opportunity to record thalamic and cortical activities simultaneously in epileptic patients chronically implanted with intracerebral electrodes allowed us to address this issue. In contrast to the generally accepted view that thalamic and cortical activities are tightly locked along the different vigilance states, we found that the thalamic activity most often decreased to sleep levels several minutes before the cortical activity started to abate. This finding suggests that the cortex remains neurophysiologically awake but decoupled from thalamic i...

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“…Cognitive training studies have also shown benefits on visuospatial tasks following repeated practice on Tetris, with improvements observed in spatial ability (Okagaki & Frensch, 1994; Terlecki, Newcombe, & Little, 2008), mental rotation (De Lisi & Wolford, 2002; Moreau, 2013) and selective visual attention (Belchior et al, 2013; Green & Bavelier, 2003). Tetris game play can also lead to hypnagogic visual hallucinations that mix Tetris‐shape representations with other memories — the so call ‘Tetris effect’ (Kusse, Shaffii‐LE Bourdiec, Schrouff, Matarazzo, & Maquet, 2012; Stickgold, 2000). …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Selective Association Between Tetris Game Play and Visuospatial Working Memory: A Preliminary Investigation

Lau‐Zhu

Holmes

Butterfield

et al. 2017

Applied Cognitive Psychology

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SummaryRecent experimental and clinical research has suggested that Tetris game play can disrupt maladaptive forms of mental imagery because Tetris competes for limited cognitive resources within visuospatial working memory (WM) that contribute to imagery. Whether or not Tetris performance is selectively associated with visuospatial WM remains to be tested. In this study, young adults (N = 46) completed six standardized measures indexing verbal and non‐verbal reasoning, verbal and visuospatial short‐term memory, and verbal and visuospatial WM. They also played Tetris. Consistent with the hypothesis that visuospatial WM resources support Tetris game play, there was a significant moderate positive relationship between Tetris scores and visuospatial WM performance but no association with other cognitive ability measures. Findings suggest that Tetris game play involves both storage and processing resources within visuospatial WM. These preliminary results can inform interventions involving computer games to disrupt the development of maladaptive visual imagery, for example, intrusive memories of trauma. © 2017 The Authors. Applied Cognitive Psychology Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

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Replaying the Game: Hypnagogic Images in Normals and Amnesics

Cited by 214 publications

References 20 publications

REM, not incubation, improves creativity by priming associative networks

REM, not incubation, improves creativity by priming associative networks

Thalamic deactivation at sleep onset precedes that of the cerebral cortex in humans

Selective Association Between Tetris Game Play and Visuospatial Working Memory: A Preliminary Investigation

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