Replication and cytokine profiles of different subgenotypes of enterovirus 71 isolated from Thai patients in peripheral blood mononuclear cells

Enterovirus E infects bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Implications for pathogenesis?

“…The literature data confirm the ability of human enteroviruses to productively infect various types of human immune cells, both T and B lymphocytes, and dendritic cells, monocytes or granulocytes ( 8 , 9 , 12 , 17 , 18 , 26 , 34 , 39 ). Infection of immune cells with enteroviruses usually results in increased synthesis of numerous cytokines and chemokines by cells ( 6 , 9 , 12 , 37 , 39 ); from the clinical point of view, the most important of these are the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin 1β (IL-1β), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α), which sustain the inflammatory process and can contribute to the damage of tissues or even the development of immune-mediated chronic diseases ( 34 ). Elevated levels of these cytokines in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid have been observed in patients with a severe and complicated course of enteroviral infection ( 6 , 19 ).…”

“…The only literature data available concerning the replication of enteroviruses in immune cells concern human pathogens. The productive infection of human cells has been confirmed in the case of enterovirus 71 (EV71), coxsackievirus B, enterovirus D and echoviruses ( 8 , 9 , 12 , 17 , 18 , 26 , 34 , 39 ). Enterovirus 71 in supernatant from human PBMCs and monocyte-derived macrophages was measured at titres of 10 4 –10 5 PFU/mL and 4.5 log TCID 50 /mL ( 9 , 39 ), respectively, whereas echoviruses in dendritic cells were not seen to exceed titres of 3 logs ( 18 ).…”

“…Viraemia enables a virus to reach secondary replication sites (34,35), and while it lasts, leukocytes can act as an additional reservoir of the virus, thereby playing a significant role in the pathogenesis of enterovirus infections, particularly chronic ones (35). The literature data confirm the ability of human enteroviruses to productively infect various types of human immune cells, both T and B lymphocytes, and dendritic cells, monocytes or granulocytes (8,9,12,17,18,26,34,39). Infection of immune cells with enteroviruses usually results in increased synthesis of numerous cytokines and chemokines by cells (6,9,12,37,39); from the clinical point of view, the most important of these are the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin 1β (IL-1β), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α), which sustain the inflammatory process and can contribute to the damage of tissues or even the development of immune-mediated chronic diseases (34).…”

Influenza colloidal gold method and blood routine tests combination for rapid diagnosis of influenza: a decision tree-based analysis

“…Other studies worldwide have shown that monocytes/macrophages act as a repository, although certain viruses use these cells for productive replication 18 . Monocyte levels are frequently elevated in mycoplasma infection 19 , and monocytes play a crucial role in Human enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection 20 .…”

Molecular Pathogenicity of Enteroviruses Causing Neurological Disease

“…CVB3 was shown to replicate in several in vitro cell lines including Raji (B cell), Jurkat (T cell) and U-937 (monocyte) (Hwang et al, 2012) implicating these cell types to possibly serve as viral shuttles into the CNS. Poliovirus was shown to infect monocytes (Freistadt et al, 1993;Freistadt and Eberle, 1996), EV71 was able to replicate in CD14+ cells , dendritic cells (Lin et al, 2009) and PBMCs (Wongsa et al, 2019) while echoviruses (1, 7, 8, and 9) replicated in mature dendritic cells isolated from PBMCs but not monocytes (Kramer et al, 2007). Although a wide range of circulating immune cells are susceptible to diverse enteroviruses, further studies are needed to assess the extent of viral invasion into the CNS by utilizing immune cells as shuttles.…”