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Martin, Helen; Campbell, Barry J.; Hart, A; Rhodes, Jonathan M.

doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2004.09.073

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Under normal conditions, the microenvironment of the mammalian intestinal epithelium is relatively sterile [88]. However, under conditions of stress and dietary manipulation, an increased number of gram-negative bacteria can be found in dense association with the intestinal mucosal epithelium [89,90]. To determine whether psychological stress results in an altered composition of microbiota, Bailey and Coe [91] investigated changes in indigenous microbiota in primates after maternal separation.…”

Section: Stress and Composition Of Microbiotamentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Microbiota and Probiotics in Stress-Induced Gastrointestinal Damage

Lutgendorff

Akkermans

Söderholm³

2008

CMM

170

106

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Stress has a major impact on gut physiology and may affect the clinical course of gastro-intestinal diseases. In this review, we focus on the interaction between commensal gut microbiota and intestinal mucosa during stress and discuss the possibilities to counteract the deleterious effects of stress with probiotics. Normally, commensal microbes and their hosts benefit from a symbiotic relationship. Stress does, however, reduce the number of Lactobacilli, while on the contrary, an increased growth, epithelial adherence and mucosal uptake of gram-negative pathogens, e.g. E. coli and Pseudomonas, are seen. Moreover, intestinal bacteria have the ability to sense a stressed host and up-regulate their virulence factors when opportunity knocks. Probiotics are "live microorganisms which, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host", and mainly represented by Lactic Acid Bacteria. Probiotics can counteract stress-induced changes in intestinal barrier function, visceral sensitivity and gut motility. These effects are strain specific and mediated by direct bacterial-host cell interaction and/or via soluble factors. Mechanisms of action include competition with pathogens for essential nutrients, induction of epithelial heat-shock proteins, restoring of tight junction protein structure, up-regulation of mucin genes, secretion of defensins, and regulation of the NFkappaB signalling pathway. In addition, the reduction of intestinal pain perception was shown to be mediated via cannabinoid receptors. Based on the studies reviewed here there is clearly a rationale for probiotic treatment in patients with stress-related intestinal disorders. We are however far from being able to choose the precise combination of strains or bacterial components for each clinical setting.

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Section: Stress and Composition Of Microbiotamentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Microbiota and Probiotics in Stress-Induced Gastrointestinal Damage

Lutgendorff

Akkermans

Söderholm³

2008

CMM

170

106

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“…These bacteria and yeasts are generally resistant, some of them multiresistant, to antibiotics. The resistance to ATBs is largely coded by plasmids and transposons, integrons and gen-casettes in which also genes for adhesion to intestinal cells may be localized [39][40][41]. After adhesion, bacteria equipped in this manner are able to penetrate via colon epithelial cells into the lymphatic system, and consequently, into the bloodstream [42].…”

Section: Hypothetical Role Of Bacteria and Yeasts In Aidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Fundamental Role of Bacteria and Yeasts in AIDS Progression

Zaja

2014

J Vaccines Vaccin

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Currently there is considerable evidence showing that the GIT and other mucosal tissue, and not the blood, are the main site of HIV infection and CD4 + T cell loss. Earlier the pathogenesis of HIV infection has mostly been centered on mucosal viral "target" cells. In this personal view we summarize recent findings related to the role of bacteria and yeasts in the etiopathology of AIDS. Data are presented showing detection of HIV-like sequences and HIV-like proteins in bacteria and yeasts of HIV positive patients from the USA, Slovakia, Kenya and Kambodia. This pioneer view of AIDS etiopathology suggests that the aforementioned microbes bearing HIV genetic information would play an important, if not a key role, in the immunodeficiency process.

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Cited by 2 publications

References 7 publications

The Role of Microbiota and Probiotics in Stress-Induced Gastrointestinal Damage

The Role of Microbiota and Probiotics in Stress-Induced Gastrointestinal Damage

The Fundamental Role of Bacteria and Yeasts in AIDS Progression

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